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Who codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table?
Who codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and the periodic table?
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth in the last third of the nineteenth century.
What did Charles Lyell believe?
What did Charles Lyell believe?
He believed in uniformitarianism, that geological processes at work today have formed the earth's surface over a long time.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's work was widely accepted during his time.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's work was widely accepted during his time.
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What was Charles Darwin's conclusion regarding life on earth?
What was Charles Darwin's conclusion regarding life on earth?
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What does the Theory of Evolution emphasize?
What does the Theory of Evolution emphasize?
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What is Social Darwinism?
What is Social Darwinism?
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What does sociology involve?
What does sociology involve?
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Who was Max Weber?
Who was Max Weber?
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What did Emile Durkheim conclude about suicide rates?
What did Emile Durkheim conclude about suicide rates?
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What is realism in literature?
What is realism in literature?
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How did realist artists and authors view human behavior?
How did realist artists and authors view human behavior?
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How did urban life change in the nineteenth century?
How did urban life change in the nineteenth century?
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What led to the rapid population growth and urbanization in Europe?
What led to the rapid population growth and urbanization in Europe?
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What economic opportunities did cities offer that transformed urban life?
What economic opportunities did cities offer that transformed urban life?
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How did industrialization affect population growth and mortality rates?
How did industrialization affect population growth and mortality rates?
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Migration from rural to urban areas led to an increase in available labor in cities.
Migration from rural to urban areas led to an increase in available labor in cities.
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What role did government reforms play in transforming urban life in the 19th century?
What role did government reforms play in transforming urban life in the 19th century?
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What were the main causes of poor quality of urban life?
What were the main causes of poor quality of urban life?
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Who bore responsibility for the awful conditions in urban life?
Who bore responsibility for the awful conditions in urban life?
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Define utilitarianism.
Define utilitarianism.
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Who was Edwin Chadwick?
Who was Edwin Chadwick?
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What did miasmatic theory suggest?
What did miasmatic theory suggest?
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What is germ theory?
What is germ theory?
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Who is Louis Pasteur?
Who is Louis Pasteur?
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What did Joseph Lister contribute to medicine?
What did Joseph Lister contribute to medicine?
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Who was Baron Georges Haussmann?
Who was Baron Georges Haussmann?
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What did the development of mass public transportation lead to?
What did the development of mass public transportation lead to?
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How did the emergence of urban industrial society affect class structure?
How did the emergence of urban industrial society affect class structure?
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What focused the bourgeois families on distinct gender roles?
What focused the bourgeois families on distinct gender roles?
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What improvements occurred for the working class by the end of the century?
What improvements occurred for the working class by the end of the century?
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What did heightened consumerism result from?
What did heightened consumerism result from?
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What diverse roles did the middle class consist of?
What diverse roles did the middle class consist of?
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What characterized the labor aristocracy?
What characterized the labor aristocracy?
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What were sweated industries?
What were sweated industries?
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How did urbanization affect family life and gender roles?
How did urbanization affect family life and gender roles?
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What alterations did the Industrial Revolution bring to family structures?
What alterations did the Industrial Revolution bring to family structures?
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How did the notion of companionate marriage evolve?
How did the notion of companionate marriage evolve?
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What did the Feminist movement campaign for?
What did the Feminist movement campaign for?
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What did the suffrage movement advocate for?
What did the suffrage movement advocate for?
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What characterized intellectual life changes during this period?
What characterized intellectual life changes during this period?
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What did realism in art and literature focus on?
What did realism in art and literature focus on?
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What did thermodynamics study?
What did thermodynamics study?
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What were the developments in chemistry and electricity during this period?
What were the developments in chemistry and electricity during this period?
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Study Notes
Urban Life Changes in the Nineteenth Century
- Urban life was characterized by congestion, dirtiness, and health risks; improvements initiated through public health movements began to reverse these conditions.
- Overcrowding was mitigated by better planning and construction of boulevards, although high mortality rates persisted until sanitary advancements were made.
- The bacterial revolution significantly reduced death rates due to enhanced hygiene and medical knowledge.
Population Growth and Urbanization
- The steam engine liberated industrialists from reliance on natural water sources, fostering increased factory construction in urban areas.
- Urban areas attracted rural populations due to better economic opportunities, contributing to rapid urban growth.
Economic Opportunities and Migration
- Urban centers provided advantageous shipping facilities, drawing labor and facilitating industrial growth amid increasing migration from rural regions.
- Manufacturing benefitted from nearby factories for supply and distribution, exacerbating urban overcrowding.
Health Improvements and Industrialization
- Agricultural improvements, coupled with industrialization, supported population growth, increased life expectancy, and reduced infant mortality rates.
- The public health movement was crucial for extending life expectancy through improvements in sanitation.
Urban Challenges and Government Response
- Overcrowded cities resulted in social issues, while rural areas faced labor shortages and community deterioration.
- Government reforms transformed urban conditions via infrastructure modernization, public health regulations, and creation of police forces.
Poor Urban Living Conditions
- Major causes of poor urban life included severe overcrowding, widespread poverty, and lack of medical knowledge.
- Urban centers suffered from inadequate public transport and the remnants of unsanitary rural living conditions.
Utilitarianism and Public Health Reform
- Utilitarianism, championed by Jeremy Bentham, influenced social policy approaches promoting public welfare.
- Edwin Chadwick emerged as a reform advocate believing that disease was tied to environmental factors, establishing connectivity between public health and economic prosperity.
Theories on Disease and Health
- Miasmatic theory posited that foul air caused disease, later challenged by findings linking contamination to water and physical filth.
- Germ theory, developed by Louis Pasteur, revolutionized understanding of disease causation, emphasizing the role of microorganisms.
Revolutionary Urban Planning
- Baron Georges Haussmann modernized Paris through extensive urban reconstruction, creating broad boulevards and improving sanitation systems.
- His reforms set a precedent for urban planning and public health across Europe.
Transportation Innovations
- The introduction of electric streetcars revolutionized public transport, enabling suburban expansion and easing urban congestion.
- Mass transportation allowed workers to access better housing and improved life quality.
Class Structure and Social Dynamics
- The new urban industrial society produced complex class structures with persistent wealth gaps and diverse social dynamics.
- Bourgeois families adopted the nuclear family model with defined gender roles, while working-class families remained economically constrained.
Consumerism and Economic Changes
- The second industrial revolution fueled heightened consumerism, leading to increased production and demand for goods.
- Improvements in living standards for the working class were linked to protective labor laws and enhanced social welfare measures.
Feminist Movements and Gender Roles
- Feminism grew in response to gender inequality, advocating for women’s rights, education, and improved labor conditions.
- Notions of companionate marriage gained traction, particularly among the middle class, alongside changing familial structures.
Intellectual Shifts and Realism
- The transition to a realist and materialist worldview followed the revolutions of 1848, focusing on practical subjects and human behavior.
- Durable advancements in science and industry fostered societal changes, challenging traditional beliefs.
Key Scientific Advancements
- Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories challenged divine creation concepts, proposing common ancestry for all life forms.
- Developments in chemistry, such as Dmitri Mendeleev's periodic table, alongside innovations in electricity transformed industries.
Labor and Economic Structures
- The labor aristocracy emerged as a skilled segment of the workforce, earning more than unskilled workers but less than upper classes.
- Sweated industries represented poorly paid, sometimes exploitative work environments for women, reminiscent of earlier production methods.
Leisure and Religious Trends among Workers
- Working-class leisure activities included sports and social gatherings, but church attendance declined significantly during this period.
- The dynamics of family and labor shifted, with women's roles evolving in response to economic pressures and social activists advocating for equality.### Charles Darwin and Evolution
- Official naturalist on a five-year scientific trip to Latin America and the South Pacific starting in 1831.
- Collected numerous specimens of various animal species during the voyage.
- Influenced by fossil evidence and Charles Lyell, Darwin questioned the belief in divine creation of species.
- Proposed that all life has evolved from a common ancestor through a continuous "struggle for survival."
Theory of Evolution
- Concept emphasizes gradual change and continuous adaptation across various fields.
Social Darwinism
- Ideas from Darwin applied to human society, framing human existence as an economic struggle.
- Introduced the notion of "survival of the fittest" within human affairs.
Sociology
- Critical analysis of social groups, both contemporary and historical.
- Emerged as a significant social science discipline.
Max Weber
- Prominent late-nineteenth-century sociologist known for his influential work.
- In "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism," linked the rise of capitalism to Protestant beliefs in northern Europe.
Emile Durkheim
- Prolific sociologist known for his studies on religion and suicide.
- In "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life," he explored the psychological and social underpinnings of religion.
- Identified rising suicide rates as a result of feelings of "anomie," or rootlessness, concluding that only a new moral order could mitigate this issue.
Realism
- Literary movement contrasting with romanticism, focusing on the portrayal of life in its true form.
- Rejected romanticism's pursuit of the exotic and sublime; instead, it sought the typical and commonplace aspects of life.
Realist Artists and Authors
- Advocated for the depiction of life as it truly was, addressing "taboo" subjects.
- Emphasized the influence of hereditary and environmental factors on human behavior.
- Argues that human behavior is shaped by natural laws, rather than being inherently good or evil, which are socially constructed ideas.
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