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What is the correct approach to assign numbers to carbon atoms in a longest chain?

  • Assign numbers to minimize the number of substituents.
  • Number from either end, choosing randomly.
  • Number the carbon atoms in descending order of substituent priority.
  • Start numbering from the end that gives the lowest sum of locants. (correct)

    • When naming compounds with multiple substituents, which prefix is used for three identical substituents?

  • di-
  • penta-
  • tri- (correct)
  • tetra-

    • What is the main reason that alkynes are more reactive than alkanes and alkenes?

  • Alkynes contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
  • Alkynes react only with bromine water.
  • Alkynes are less saturated than alkanes and alkenes.
  • Alkynes have a carbon-carbon triple bond. (correct)

    • In the name '4-ethyl-3-methylheptane', what do the numbers 4 and 3 represent?

    <p>The positions of the ethyl and methyl substituents respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the combustion of alkynes, which of the following products is formed?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should substituent names be arranged in the final compound name?

    <p>In alphabetical order irrespective of their position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the flame produced when alkynes burn?

    <p>It is a smoky luminous flame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the compound 3-chloro-2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexane, how many substituents are on carbon-2?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of carbons in the longest chain of 4-bromo-3,5-dichloro-3,4,6-trimethyloctane?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the general reaction for combustion of alkynes, what is the molecular formula represented as CnH2n–2?

    <p>C3H6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about locants is incorrect?

    <p>Locants are separated by hyphens from the substituent names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the laboratory preparation of ethyne, what is the role of water added to calcium carbide?

    <p>It reacts to produce ethyne gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alkynes is incorrect?

    <p>They are less reactive than alkenes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substituent appears at carbon-4 in the compound with the code 3-chloro-2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexane?

    <p>Methyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the laboratory experiment, what observation is expected when burning ethyne?

    <p>A smoky flame with a loud sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the tests to confirm the presence of ethyne during experiments?

    <p>Adding bromine water and observing color change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group corresponds to an organic compound characterized by a benzene ring?

    <p>Aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is classified as an alkyne based on its functional group?

    <p>Ethyne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structural formula for a ketone?

    <p>R — CO — R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds features a hydroxyl functional group?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is found in carboxylic acids?

    <p>— COOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of an alkene compared to alkanes?

    <p>Double bond presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example correctly represents an ester compound?

    <p>Ethyl ethanoate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the correct product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.

    <p>Ester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond characterizes an alkyne?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these compounds would be classified as an aldehyde?

    <p>Ethanal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas produced during the anaerobic fermentation of organic materials in a biogas plant?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding Ca(OH)2 solution to the gas in the jar during the experiment?

    <p>To promote a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is NOT suitable for biogas production?

    <p>Plastic waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation indicates the presence of methane during the experiment?

    <p>A popping sound is heard with a burning splint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using biogas technology?

    <p>Decrease in local deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to prepare biogas from cow dung in the experiment?

    <p>Anaerobic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the mixture of cow dung and water left to produce methane in the conical flask?

    <p>3 to 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additional observation is made after adding bromine water to the gas?

    <p>Formation of a colored compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of compounds did early chemists believe contained a special 'life force'?

    <p>Organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first organic compound synthesized in the laboratory?

    <p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines saturated hydrocarbons?

    <p>Compounds with only single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general formula for alkanes?

    <p>C$n$H$2n+2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes compounds that have the same formula but different arrangements of atoms?

    <p>Isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a functional group within an organic compound?

    <p>The specific arrangement of atoms that imparts characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes can be used to prepare methane in a laboratory?

    <p>Decarboxylation method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the classification of organic compounds?

    <p>Functional groups and carbon backbone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What character do the bonds in benzene exhibit?

    <p>They have an intermediate character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major type of reaction does benzene primarily undergo?

    <p>Substitution reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties accurately describes benzene?

    <p>It has a freezing point of 5.4°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene more stable than alkenes?

    <p>Because of the delocalization of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason benzene does not react with bromine water?

    <p>Benzene's aromatic structure offers extra stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the combustion products when benzene is burned?

    <p>Carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solvent would benzene NOT be miscible with?

    <p>Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant health risk associated with benzene exposure?

    <p>It is a carcinogenic substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Organic Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
    • Historically, organic compounds were thought to require a "vital force" found in living things.
    • Friedrich Wöhler disproved this in 1828 by synthesizing urea, an organic compound, in the lab.
    • Organic compounds are identified and classified by their functional groups.

    Unit Outcomes

    • Students will learn the historical development of organic chemistry and the classification of organic compounds.
    • General formulas for various organic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters) will be covered.
    • Developing skills to name and write molecular and structural formulas for these compounds.
    • Students will understand isomerism and possible isomers for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
    • The major natural sources of hydrocarbons are covered.
    • Physical and chemical properties, and general methods of preparation of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene, and alcohols.
    • Uses of organic compounds in various applications (plastics, beverages, pharmaceuticals, soaps, detergents, dry cleaning chemicals, fuels, pesticides, and herbicides)
    • Demonstrasting scientific inquiry skills: observing, classifying, communicating, measuring, asking questions, interpreting data, drawing conclusions, applying concepts, predicting, and problem-solving.

    Historical Notes

    • Early chemists classified substances as either organic or inorganic based on their origin.
    • Organic compounds came from living things; inorganic compounds from non-living sources.
    • Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828 challenged the vital force theory. His work was fundamental in separating organic from inorganic chemistry.

    Classification of Organic Compounds

    • Organic compounds are primarily classified based on their functional groups, which are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine their chemical properties.
    • Common functional groups include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters.

    Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes)

    • Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms.
    • The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
    • Alkanes form a homologous series, meaning successive members differ by a CH2 group.
    • These compounds are generally unreactive.
    • The boiling points and melting points of alkanes increase with increasing molecular size due to increasing Van der Waals forces.
    • Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane(C4H10) are the first four members of the alkane group all of which are gases at room temperature.

    Nomenclature (Naming) of Alkanes

    • IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system is used to systematically name organic compounds.
    • Naming conventions include using prefixes that represent the number of carbon atoms, and the suffix "-ane".
    • For example, methane (1C), ethane(2C), propane (3C); etc.
    • Branched chain alkanes are given an alphabetical order.

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