UTIs Diagnostics and Causative Agents
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of urine cultivation in diagnostics?

  • To diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs) (correct)
  • To measure pH levels
  • To detect protein levels
  • To identify the concentration of leukocytes

    • Biochemical parameters of urine can definitively diagnose a urinary tract infection.

    False

    What factors are evaluated in urine specimens to prove a UTI?

    Concentration of bacteria and leukocytes

    The presence of _____ in urine specimens is often due to bacteria colonizing the urethral opening.

    <p>bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a significant change in urine associated with UTIs?

    <p>High content of leukocytes and bad smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following urine analysis characteristics with their indication:

    <p>High leukocyte content = Possible infection Bad smell = Urease-producing bacteria Turbidity = Presence of large cell numbers Concentration per ml = Quantity of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of rapid methods for diagnosing urinary tract infections?

    <p>Low sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a culture period of _____ hours, the number of apparent colonies in urine is counted.

    <p>24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are coagulase negative Staphylococcus?

    <p>Gram-positive cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteus sp. are Gram-positive bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agar is typically used for the cultivation of fungi?

    <p>Sabouraud agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary morphological characteristic of Staphylococcus sp. is that they are Gram-_____.

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their diagnosis methods:

    <p>Staphylococcus sp. = Gram stain and biochemical tests Candida sp. = Sabouraud agar Enterobacteria = Biochemical tests and mass spectrometry Proteus sp. = Crawly growth on blood agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Gram stain reveal about Enterobacteria?

    <p>They are Gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sexually Transmitted Diseases can only be spread through sexual activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one causative agent of syphilis.

    <p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Candida sp. are identified under the microscope as _____ cells.

    <p>oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Proteus sp. growth on blood agar?

    <p>Crawly growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary transmission method for Campylobacteriosis in humans?

    <p>Fecal-oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-positive bacterium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for Campylobacteriosis?

    <p>2-11 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Campylobacteriosis can lead to complications such as _____ megacolon.

    <p>toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom typically appears after 12-24 hours of Campylobacteriosis onset?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their associated symptoms or conditions:

    <p>Campylobacteriosis = Diarrhea and dysentery Helicobacter pylori = Chronic gastritis Toxic megacolon = Severe colonic dilation Gastric carcinoma = Stomach cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enteritis is the primary symptom of Campylobacteriosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key adaptation of Helicobacter pylori that allows it to survive in the stomach?

    <p>Urease enzyme production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is commonly associated with food poisoning?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastroenteritis is primarily associated with large intestine infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one common viral cause of gastrointestinal infections.

    <p>Rotaviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary source of gastrointestinal infection from infected animal products is known as ______.

    <p>zoonoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causative agents with their respective categories:

    <p>Salmonella enterica = Bacterial Giardia intestinalis = Parasitic Rotaviruses = Viral Shigella = Bacterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of foodborne illness due to fecal contamination?

    <p>Campylobacter jejuni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alimentary intoxication is an infection caused by live pathogens in food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of gastrointestinal tract infection?

    <p>Enteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test uses beef cardiolipin as an antigen?

    <p>Non-treponemal test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia trachomatis is culturable on artificial media.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing trichomoniasis?

    <p>Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In women, trichomoniasis can cause _______ and malodorous yellow-green discharge.

    <p>itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis with their corresponding diseases:

    <p>Serovars D-K = Urogenital infections Serovars L1-L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum Serovars A-C = Trachoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Treponema test?

    <p>Detects IgG and IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlamydia trachomatis serovars D-K are associated with eye infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of specimen is collected for diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis?

    <p>Urethral swabs, cervical swabs, or first-voided urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gonorrhea is rarely detected in vaginal swabs, and if suspected, ______ swabs should be collected.

    <p>urethral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered the most confident quantitative method for detecting Chlamydia?

    <p>Real-time PCR (qPCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Trichomonas vaginalis can present symptoms in both men and women.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of organism is Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Protozoan parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diagnosis of trichomoniasis may involve ______ stains for microscopy.

    <p>Gram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of trichomoniasis in women?

    <p>Malodorous yellow-green discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following detection methods with their characteristics:

    <p>Microscopy = Limited sensitivity Cultivation = Higher sensitivity PCR = Most frequent method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diagnostics - Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

    • Cultivation is the most reliable method for diagnosing UTIs, as urine typically contains bacteria from the urethral opening.
    • Quantitative tests evaluate bacteria concentration; high counts indicate a proven UTI.
    • Urine turbidity and odor are indicators; turbidity signifies a high leukocyte count, and odor can indicate urease-producing bacteria.
    • Urinalysis includes biochemical parameters like protein, leukocytes, and erythrocytes, which only offer supportive diagnostic value.

    Causative Agents of UTIs

    • Staphylococcus spp.

      • Coagulase-negative; identified as Gram-positive cocci in clusters; white colonies on culture.
      • Catalase positive; plasmacoagulase negative; can be identified by biochemical tests or mass spectrometry.

    • Enterobacteria

      • Characterized as Gram-negative rods; identified via microscopy or biochemical testing.
      • Culture methods include blood agar (light gray colonies) and Endo agar (lactose positive); no hemolysis observed.

    • Proteus spp.

      • Also Gram-negative rods; part of normal gastrointestinal microflora.
      • Exhibits full motility; produces grey coloration on blood agar; identified with biochemical tests.

    • Candida spp.

      • Fungi characterized by oval cells; typically identified through microscopy or mass spectrometry.
      • Grown on Sabouraud agar; forms large white matt colonies.

    Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

    • Commonly spread through sexual activity; may also transmit via intravenous drug use.
    • Include bacterial infections like Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), and viral infections like HPV, Hepatitis B, and HIV.
    • Diagnostic methods include non-treponemal tests (low specificity, high sensitivity) and Treponema tests (highly specific).

    Chlamydia trachomatis

    • Strictly intracellular and only culturable in tissue cultures; serovar D-K linked to urogenital infections.
    • High asymptomatic prevalence (50-80%); may lead to infertility.
    • Diagnosed through PCR, tissue culture, and serological tests with variable confidence.

    Trichomonas vaginalis

    • Protozoan parasite causing vaginal infections in women and asymptomatic infections in men.
    • Symptoms include itching, pain during sex, and a yellow-green discharge.
    • Diagnosed through microscopy, cultivation (higher sensitivity), and PCR methods.

    Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

    • Common causative agents include bacterial (Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni), viral (Rotaviruses, Noroviruses), and parasitic (Giardia intestinalis).
    • Transmission primarily through undercooked or contaminated food and water, indicating zoonotic origins.
    • Symptoms of infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and dysentery.

    Campylobacteriosis

    • Incubation period of 2-11 days, with increased incidence noted in Europe.
    • Symptoms progress from fever and headaches to abdominal cramps and diarrhea, potentially leading to complications like toxic megacolon.
    • Diagnosis primarily through selective culture from stool samples under microaerophilic conditions.

    Helicobacter pylori

    • Gram-negative, curved, motile rod associated with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers.
    • Adapted to survive stomach acid; utilizes urease to neutralize pH and facilitate colonization.
    • Diagnosed through specific culture techniques requiring microaerophilic atmosphere, with links to serious gastrointestinal complications.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the diagnosis and causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs). This quiz covers cultivation methods, quantitative tests, and key bacteria involved in UTIs. Understand the biochemical characteristics and culture methods relevant to these infections.

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