Podcast
Questions and Answers
Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences or utility in terms of what conditions maximize preferences or general ______.
Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences or utility in terms of what conditions maximize preferences or general ______.
well-being
Jeremy Bentham is known as an act ______ while Mill and Taylor are recognized as rule utilitarianists.
Jeremy Bentham is known as an act ______ while Mill and Taylor are recognized as rule utilitarianists.
utilitarian
Classical act utilitarianism focuses on maximizing ______ or happiness and minimizing pain.
Classical act utilitarianism focuses on maximizing ______ or happiness and minimizing pain.
pleasure
Mill's harm principle suggests that any act that does not cause any direct or indirect ______ to others should be accepted.
Mill's harm principle suggests that any act that does not cause any direct or indirect ______ to others should be accepted.
Signup and view all the answers
Peter Singer's preference in utilitarianism focuses on maximizing the utility of ______, such as freedom, life, and welfare.
Peter Singer's preference in utilitarianism focuses on maximizing the utility of ______, such as freedom, life, and welfare.
Signup and view all the answers
Social contract theory explains the origins of society and governance as agreements among individuals to form organized ______.
Social contract theory explains the origins of society and governance as agreements among individuals to form organized ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Mill distinguished between harm and ______, which he argued is not a case of harm.
Mill distinguished between harm and ______, which he argued is not a case of harm.
Signup and view all the answers
Both act and rule utilitarianism are empirically based theories, emphasizing that living beings try to avoid pain and search for ______.
Both act and rule utilitarianism are empirically based theories, emphasizing that living beings try to avoid pain and search for ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Society can foster a culture that prevents intellectual ______.
Society can foster a culture that prevents intellectual ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Aristotle’s ethics is ______, meaning it views life as having a purpose or goal.
Aristotle’s ethics is ______, meaning it views life as having a purpose or goal.
Signup and view all the answers
The goal of Aristotle’s ethics is the cultivation of ______.
The goal of Aristotle’s ethics is the cultivation of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The capability approach emphasizes that the freedom to achieve ______ is of moral importance.
The capability approach emphasizes that the freedom to achieve ______ is of moral importance.
Signup and view all the answers
Amartya Sen’s capability approach proposes that social arrangements should be evaluated according to the extent to which people can promote or achieve ______.
Amartya Sen’s capability approach proposes that social arrangements should be evaluated according to the extent to which people can promote or achieve ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Hegel’s theory of recognition is essential for achieving human ______ and ethical life.
Hegel’s theory of recognition is essential for achieving human ______ and ethical life.
Signup and view all the answers
Martha Nussbaum outlines ten capabilities that should be promoted in every ______.
Martha Nussbaum outlines ten capabilities that should be promoted in every ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Courage lies between lack of bravery and ______.
Courage lies between lack of bravery and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The Euthyphro Dilemma presents two options regarding the nature of ______.
The Euthyphro Dilemma presents two options regarding the nature of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
If something is deemed good solely because the gods ______ it, this raises concerns about divine authority.
If something is deemed good solely because the gods ______ it, this raises concerns about divine authority.
Signup and view all the answers
Blind obedience to religious authority can lead to situations where commands are followed, even if they are ______.
Blind obedience to religious authority can lead to situations where commands are followed, even if they are ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Different religions may have conflicting moral codes which complicates resolving moral ______.
Different religions may have conflicting moral codes which complicates resolving moral ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of cultivating ______ character traits rather than merely following commands.
Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of cultivating ______ character traits rather than merely following commands.
Signup and view all the answers
The action of giving money to beggars is often seen as a good- ______
The action of giving money to beggars is often seen as a good- ______
Signup and view all the answers
Sweden gives 1 percent of GNI annually by ______ as a form of foreign aid.
Sweden gives 1 percent of GNI annually by ______ as a form of foreign aid.
Signup and view all the answers
The Autonomy formula states that you should act in a way that your will could be a universal ______.
The Autonomy formula states that you should act in a way that your will could be a universal ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Kant's Kingdom of Ends formula emphasizes acting as if you were a ______-making member of a kingdom of ends.
Kant's Kingdom of Ends formula emphasizes acting as if you were a ______-making member of a kingdom of ends.
Signup and view all the answers
According to Kant, principles are based on their rational acceptability and ______.
According to Kant, principles are based on their rational acceptability and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The concept of eudaimonia is usually translated as happiness and ______.
The concept of eudaimonia is usually translated as happiness and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Phronesis is translated to practical ______.
Phronesis is translated to practical ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Some social virtues include friendship, honesty, loyalty, and ______.
Some social virtues include friendship, honesty, loyalty, and ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Practical authority arises from agreed upon ______ being followed.
Practical authority arises from agreed upon ______ being followed.
Signup and view all the answers
According to Friedman, theoretical authority comes from an authority figure's ______ or knowledge.
According to Friedman, theoretical authority comes from an authority figure's ______ or knowledge.
Signup and view all the answers
Flathman emphasizes that authority must be rooted in shared ______ and practices.
Flathman emphasizes that authority must be rooted in shared ______ and practices.
Signup and view all the answers
Authority can cause individuals to act against their reasoning or ______.
Authority can cause individuals to act against their reasoning or ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The realist perspective views authority as secondary to ______.
The realist perspective views authority as secondary to ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine illustrates how international laws ______.
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine illustrates how international laws ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Globalization has introduced new actors like NGOs and ______ corporations into the authority landscape.
Globalization has introduced new actors like NGOs and ______ corporations into the authority landscape.
Signup and view all the answers
As authority disperses, ensuring ______ becomes a critical challenge.
As authority disperses, ensuring ______ becomes a critical challenge.
Signup and view all the answers
War is a risky ______.
War is a risky ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The chance of success is a second ______ rule.
The chance of success is a second ______ rule.
Signup and view all the answers
The concept of 'self-defence' raising the question of initiating ______.
The concept of 'self-defence' raising the question of initiating ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Jus in bello focuses on the right ______ in war.
Jus in bello focuses on the right ______ in war.
Signup and view all the answers
Proportionality relates to the costs in proportion to the ______.
Proportionality relates to the costs in proportion to the ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Civilians are not appropriate ______ in jus in bello.
Civilians are not appropriate ______ in jus in bello.
Signup and view all the answers
Discrimination asserts that only military targets are justified as ______.
Discrimination asserts that only military targets are justified as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'double effect' refers to ______ damage that can occur during military actions.
The 'double effect' refers to ______ damage that can occur during military actions.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Utilitarianism
- Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being.
- Founders include Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, and Harriet Taylor Mill.
- Utilitarianism emphasizes the importance of consequences.
- There are differences between act and rule utilitarianism.
- Act utilitarianism focuses on individual actions maximizing happiness.
- Rule utilitarianism focuses on rules maximizing happiness.
- Act utilitarianism is problematic because not all pleasures are equally valuable, for example sadistic pleasures.
- Mill argued for the harm principle as a maximization rule in rule utilitarianism.
- Mill distinguished harm from offense, enabling arguments for freedom of speech and equal rights.
- Peter Singer's preference utilitarianism focuses on maximizing the variety of preferences in living beings.
- The focus is on maximizing the utility of the state of affairs, such as freedom, life, and welfare.
- Singer's practical position is rule utilitarianism, while his theoretical position is act utilitarianism.
Contract Theory
- Contract theory explains society's origins through agreements among individuals.
- It's a framework for understanding authority, rights, and justice.
- Foundational theorists include Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau.
- Contemporary influential theorist is John Rawls.
- All contract theories begin with initial theoretical assumptions:
- The contract should solve problems like original anarchy.
- The contract should have a procedure for selecting principles.
- The agents should be self-interested.
- Locke's theory includes natural rights (life, health, liberty, possessions), with the contract protecting these rights.
- Hobbes's theory emphasizes a need for an artificial man (the state) and authority rather than rights.
- Rousseau's theory highlights the general will and the people as sovereign.
Kant's Deontology
- Kant's deontology focuses on rational principles and duties, rather than consequences.
- Kant is the foundational theorist for IR liberalism.
- The categorical imperative is the single moral duty, applicable to all people.
- Kant's deontology emphasizes:
- Universalizability
- Humanity
- Autonomy
- Kingdom of Ends
- The categorical imperative is a core principle stated in multiple formulas:
- Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.
- Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.
- Act only so that your will can regard itself at the same time as making universal law through its maxims.
Virtue Ethics
- Virtue ethics emphasizes character and practical wisdom (phronesis).
- The Greek concept of eudaimonia is central (happiness and well-being).
- Aristotle is a key figure, with his concept of teleology (life's purpose) and the golden mean.
- The golden mean is the balance between extremes (e.g., courage between cowardice and recklessness).
- Societal influences and virtues (friendship, honesty, loyalty, and kindness) play a significant role.
Capability Approach
- A moral framework focusing on the extent to which people can achieve freedom.
- Proposed by Sen, with Nussbaum adding 10 key capabilities
- Sen highlights that capability is the key concept.
- Nussbaum stresses the importance of the 10 capabilities
- Life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses, imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, other species, play, control over one's environment.
Hegel's Theory of Recognition
- Hegel's theory of recognition is central to self-consciousness, freedom, and identity.
- This involves acknowledgment of each other's autonomy and dignity.
- Individuals don't exist in isolation, but through acknowledgment and interplay with others.
- The Master-Slave dialectic explains one seeking to dominate the other.
- Mutual recognition is a crucial concept for developing a sense of self and social life.
Authority
- Authority is a complex concept, balancing force and persuasion.
- Philosophers like Kant, Aristotle, Hobbes, and Locke have considered its different aspects.
- Kant ties authority to universal moral imperatives, Aristotle to virtue, Hobbes to preventing chaos in the state of nature and Locke to safeguarding rights.
- Practical versus theoretical authority.
- Issues of legitimacy arise when authority conflicts with individual reasoning.
International Law
- Positivism emphasizes legally binding rules, regardless of their moral implications.
- Natural law emphasizes universal moral principles grounding international law.
- Constructivism focuses on social norms, ideas, and shared understandings shaping international law.
- Challenges arise in establishing international law and ensuring accountability across different actors.
Global Justice
- Problems related to global justice arise from contrasting ideas about equality, including justice being equality and the idea that justice is a product of authority.
- Different ethical theories (utilitarianism, deontology) come into conflict.
- The present-future relationship is a significant area of concern regarding actions towards addressing current harm
- Global justice challenges include distribution of resources, political relations, and ethical obligations towards future generations.
Just War Theory
- The "just war theory" examines the justification for war and its conduct.
- Several concepts are debated, including:
- Just cause
- Right authority
- Right intention
- Last resort
- Proportionality
- Discrimination
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Dive into the fundamental principles of utilitarianism, exploring key figures such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. This quiz covers concepts like act and rule utilitarianism, the harm principle, and the social contract theory. Test your understanding of how preferences and happiness shape ethical frameworks.
