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Questions and Answers

What phenomenon describes the tendency of group members to take more extreme positions after a discussion?

  • Social facilitation
  • Normative influence
  • Groupthink
  • Group polarization (correct)

Which of the following can amplify group polarization in an online forum?

  • Diverse viewpoints
  • Individual reasoning
  • Exposure to similar information (correct)
  • Facilitated discussions

Which of the following factors contributes to group polarization?

  • Collective intelligence
  • Social loafing
  • Task cohesion
  • Informational social influence (correct)

In the context of jury deliberation, what is likely to happen if jurors individually favor a low amount of punitive damages?

<p>The final decision will decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as the 'risky shift' phenomenon?

<p>Group polarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes social loafing?

<p>Decreased effort by individuals in a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of influence stems from the desire to be accepted and liked by others in a group?

<p>Normative influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with group polarization?

<p>Individual decision-making clarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the affective component of an attitude primarily concerned with?

<p>The emotional feelings towards an attitude object (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of attitude involves the actions a person takes?

<p>Behavior component (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a predisposed dislike of certain foods in children?

<p>Their previous experiences with food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can attitudes influence behavior according to the ABC model?

<p>By connecting feelings with corresponding actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the way people think about an object, person, or situation in the context of attitudes?

<p>Cognitive component (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'affect' in psychology?

<p>Emotional feelings or responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can predispose someone to have a negative attitude towards new ideas?

<p>Previous exposure to negative experiences related to similar ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person enjoys country music, which behavior is likely to reflect that attitude?

<p>Purchasing country music albums (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the formation of attitudes?

<p>Meteorological conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common perception of cults held by the general public?

<p>They are associated with a negative connotation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process by which one person attempts to change another's attitude?

<p>Persuasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tragic event is specifically mentioned as being associated with the Heaven's Gate cult?

<p>The mass suicide of its members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of attitude change?

<p>Increased stubbornness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified as an example of a cult that engages in extreme violence?

<p>ISIS. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics make individuals likely targets for cult recruitment?

<p>People who are dissatisfied with their lives and seeking belonging. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'source' refer to in the context of attitude change?

<p>The communicator delivering the message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can attitudes be described in terms of learning?

<p>Learned and changeable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might critical thinking be undermined in members of cults?

<p>Their stress and idealism cloud their judgment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in attitude change?

<p>Social comparison (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief did members of the Heaven's Gate cult hold about the Hale-Bopp comet?

<p>It would transport them to another world. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to contribute to someone joining a cult?

<p>Experiencing family stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are advertisers and marketing experts interested in understanding attitudes?

<p>To change consumer preferences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of factors is considered important for predicting persuasive efforts?

<p>Source, audience, and context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates young people to join cults, particularly in relation to parental authority?

<p>They are rebelling against parental authority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason groupthink occurs within a group?

<p>Avoidance of conflict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink?

<p>Open debate on all ideas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event is cited as an example of groupthink affecting decision-making?

<p>The Bay of Pigs invasion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What illusion does groupthink create among its members?

<p>The sense that the group can do no wrong (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might groupthink have contributed to the Deepwater Horizon disaster?

<p>By promoting a false sense of security (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does groupthink have on members who disagree with the majority?

<p>They may be viewed as having no valid opinions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of a group experiencing groupthink?

<p>A consensus is reached without critical evaluation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of groupthink in decision-making?

<p>Poor decision-making and failures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is found to be more susceptible to persuasion?

<p>Young adults in late teens to mid-20s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is emphasized as important in the medium through which a person receives a message?

<p>The attractiveness of the message source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the elaboration likelihood model, which type of processing focuses on the content of the message?

<p>Central-route processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does peripheral-route processing rely on?

<p>Peripheral cues unrelated to content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential pitfall for jurors using peripheral-route processing?

<p>Being swayed by the appearance of individuals involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does visual media, like television, affect communication according to the content?

<p>It enhances the attractiveness of the message source. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the elaboration likelihood model, individuals who do not elaborate on a message are using which route?

<p>Peripheral-route processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is likely to be a peripheral cue in persuasion?

<p>The length of the message (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Groupthink

A phenomenon where group members prioritize maintaining group harmony over considering accurate information.

Illusion of Invulnerability

A belief held by group members that the group is incapable of making mistakes and is destined for success.

Stereotyped Views of Dissenters

Group members may view those with opposing opinions as lacking worthwhile ideas.

Titanic Disaster (example)

An example of groupthink, where a lack of concern for safety in designing a ship led to its sinking.

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Challenger Disaster (example)

An example of groupthink, where crucial concerns about a shuttle part were ignored, leading to a disaster.

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Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (example)

A significant example of groupthink, highlighting the potential dangers of disregarding safety concerns and the impact of group decisions.

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Group Polarization

The tendency for group members to adopt more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions during group discussions compared to individuals who haven't participated in the discussion.

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Affective Component

The emotional feeling or attitude a person has toward something (e.g., person, object, or situation).

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Behavior Component

The actions a person takes related to their attitude toward something (e.g., listening to music, buying an item).

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Social Facilitation/Social Loafing

Social influence can affect how well a person does a task in a group. Social facilitation refers to an improved performance; social loafing refers to reduced effort.

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Attitude Components

Attitudes are made up of three parts: how you feel (affective), how you act (behavioral), and how you think (cognitive component).

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Asch's Studies

Experiments that show how conformity impacts judgments. Subjects conform to group opinion even if they disagree in private.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon in which group members prioritize consensus and harmony over critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.

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Normative Social Influence

Group pressure to conform and gain social approval.

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Informational Social Influence

Group members adopt the views of others as evidence of correctness or better information.

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Cult

A group with beliefs and behaviors significantly different from mainstream society; often viewed with suspicion.

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Negative Connotation of Cult

The term 'cult' is usually associated with suspicion and negative behaviors.

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Heaven's Gate Cult

A cult whose followers committed suicide in 1997, believing aliens were approaching on a comet.

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ISIS

An example of a violent cult group

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Cult Recruitment Targets

People under stress, dissatisfied, unassertive, gullible, dependent, idealistic, and/or rebellious.

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Stress and Dissatisfaction

Common factors that can make individuals more susceptible to cult recruitment

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Critical Thinking Loss

Cult members often lose the ability to evaluate ideas objectively.

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Attitude Formation

Attitudes are shaped by both immediate surroundings and broader influences like education and media.

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Attitude Change

Attitudes can change as new learning occurs. Persuasion is the process of trying to influence another's thoughts or actions.

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Persuasion

Persuasion is the act of trying to change someone's beliefs or behavior through argument, explanation, or other means.

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Attitude Source (Persuasion)

The communicator in a persuasive attempt. The person delivering the message.

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Factors in Attitude Change

The success of persuasion is affected by the communicator and other details in the way the message is delivered.

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Young Adult Persuadability

Young adults (late teens to mid-20s) are more easily persuaded than older adults.

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Message Medium

The way a message is delivered (e.g., speech, newspaper, TV) affects its impact.

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Elaboration Likelihood Model

A model suggesting people process information in two ways: deeply (central route) or superficially (peripheral route).

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Central Route Processing

Processing information based on the content of the message.

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Peripheral Route Processing

Processing information based on factors outside the message content (e.g., source expertise, message length).

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Persuasion

The process of influencing someone to adopt a specific attitude or belief.

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Juror Interpretation

How jurors interpret information presented in a court case affects the outcome.

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Study Notes

Social Psychology

  • Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

Social Influence

  • Conformity: Changing one's behavior to match the actions of others.
    • Sherif's study (1936): Participants estimated the movement of a light in a dark room. Their estimates converged towards the group's answer, even when the light wasn't moving.
    • Asch's study (1951): Participants judged line lengths. The majority of participants conformed to the incorrect group answer.
    • Conformity is stronger when the judgments are ambiguous (difficult to interpret).
    • Conformity increases as the number of confederates (people in the experiment who are acting as part of the group) increases.
  • Social Influence: The process through which real or implied presence of others directly or indirectly influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
    • Examples: Obedience, agreement to requests, following actions or ideas of others.

Group Behavior

  • Groupthink: The tendency of group members to prioritize maintaining group cohesiveness over critically evaluating the facts.
    • Symptoms: Illusion of invulnerability, stereotyped views of those who disagree, pressure to conform, self-censorship.
  • Group Polarization: A tendency for members of a group to take more extreme positions and make riskier decisions than they would individually.

Social Cognition

  • Social Cognition: The mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them.
    • Attitudes: Tendencies to respond positively or negatively to something.
      • Components: Affective (emotional), behavioral (action-orientated), cognitive (thoughts).
      • How attitudes are formed: Direct contact, direct instruction, interactions with others, and observation.
    • Impression Formation: The forming of the first knowledge about someone. Including social categorisation: automatically assigning people into categories. Includes stereotypes (beliefs about groups, or people within a group).
    • Attribution: The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others.
      • Situational attributions: Explanations based on external factors.
      • Dispositional attributions: Explanations based on internal factors.
      • Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating the role of internal factors and underestimating the role of external.
    • Cognitive Dissonance: Emotional discomfort when attitudes and behaviors clash.
      • Methods to reduce dissonance: Change behavior, change attitude, form new attitudes.

Social Interaction

  • Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a group.
  • Discrimination: Negative behavior toward a group.
  • Equal Status Contact: Contact between groups designed to reduce prejudice (Equal power, resources, status).
  • Jigsaw Classroom: Educational approach that promotes collaboration and reduces prejudice by having group members work together on a common goal.
  • Interpersonal attraction: liking or wanting a relationship with someone.
  • Factors affecting attraction: Proximity (physical nearness), similarity, reciprocity of liking, and physical attractiveness.
  • Aggression: Behaviours to intentionally harm others.
    • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration can lead to aggression.
    • Biological factors: genetics, hormones (testosterone), brain structures (amygdala).
    • Social learning theory: learned through observation and imitation.
  • Prosocial behaviour: Socially desirable behaviour that benefits others.
    • Altruism: Prosocial behaviour without expecting a reward.
  • Bystander effect: The presence of others can inhibit a person's response to emergency.
  • Diffusion of responsibility: The tendency to feel less accountable to help others when others are present.

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