Podcast
Questions and Answers
What phenomenon describes the tendency of group members to take more extreme positions after a discussion?
What phenomenon describes the tendency of group members to take more extreme positions after a discussion?
Which of the following can amplify group polarization in an online forum?
Which of the following can amplify group polarization in an online forum?
Which of the following factors contributes to group polarization?
Which of the following factors contributes to group polarization?
In the context of jury deliberation, what is likely to happen if jurors individually favor a low amount of punitive damages?
In the context of jury deliberation, what is likely to happen if jurors individually favor a low amount of punitive damages?
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What is referred to as the 'risky shift' phenomenon?
What is referred to as the 'risky shift' phenomenon?
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Which of the following describes social loafing?
Which of the following describes social loafing?
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What type of influence stems from the desire to be accepted and liked by others in a group?
What type of influence stems from the desire to be accepted and liked by others in a group?
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Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with group polarization?
Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with group polarization?
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What is the affective component of an attitude primarily concerned with?
What is the affective component of an attitude primarily concerned with?
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Which component of attitude involves the actions a person takes?
Which component of attitude involves the actions a person takes?
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What can lead to a predisposed dislike of certain foods in children?
What can lead to a predisposed dislike of certain foods in children?
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How can attitudes influence behavior according to the ABC model?
How can attitudes influence behavior according to the ABC model?
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Which term describes the way people think about an object, person, or situation in the context of attitudes?
Which term describes the way people think about an object, person, or situation in the context of attitudes?
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What is meant by the term 'affect' in psychology?
What is meant by the term 'affect' in psychology?
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What can predispose someone to have a negative attitude towards new ideas?
What can predispose someone to have a negative attitude towards new ideas?
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If a person enjoys country music, which behavior is likely to reflect that attitude?
If a person enjoys country music, which behavior is likely to reflect that attitude?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the formation of attitudes?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the formation of attitudes?
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What is a common perception of cults held by the general public?
What is a common perception of cults held by the general public?
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What is the primary process by which one person attempts to change another's attitude?
What is the primary process by which one person attempts to change another's attitude?
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What tragic event is specifically mentioned as being associated with the Heaven's Gate cult?
What tragic event is specifically mentioned as being associated with the Heaven's Gate cult?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of attitude change?
Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of attitude change?
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Which group is identified as an example of a cult that engages in extreme violence?
Which group is identified as an example of a cult that engages in extreme violence?
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What characteristics make individuals likely targets for cult recruitment?
What characteristics make individuals likely targets for cult recruitment?
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What does the term 'source' refer to in the context of attitude change?
What does the term 'source' refer to in the context of attitude change?
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How can attitudes be described in terms of learning?
How can attitudes be described in terms of learning?
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Why might critical thinking be undermined in members of cults?
Why might critical thinking be undermined in members of cults?
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Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in attitude change?
Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in attitude change?
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What belief did members of the Heaven's Gate cult hold about the Hale-Bopp comet?
What belief did members of the Heaven's Gate cult hold about the Hale-Bopp comet?
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Which factor is least likely to contribute to someone joining a cult?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to someone joining a cult?
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Why are advertisers and marketing experts interested in understanding attitudes?
Why are advertisers and marketing experts interested in understanding attitudes?
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Which combination of factors is considered important for predicting persuasive efforts?
Which combination of factors is considered important for predicting persuasive efforts?
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What motivates young people to join cults, particularly in relation to parental authority?
What motivates young people to join cults, particularly in relation to parental authority?
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What is the main reason groupthink occurs within a group?
What is the main reason groupthink occurs within a group?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink?
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Which historical event is cited as an example of groupthink affecting decision-making?
Which historical event is cited as an example of groupthink affecting decision-making?
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What illusion does groupthink create among its members?
What illusion does groupthink create among its members?
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How might groupthink have contributed to the Deepwater Horizon disaster?
How might groupthink have contributed to the Deepwater Horizon disaster?
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What effect does groupthink have on members who disagree with the majority?
What effect does groupthink have on members who disagree with the majority?
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Which of these is a characteristic of a group experiencing groupthink?
Which of these is a characteristic of a group experiencing groupthink?
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What is a potential consequence of groupthink in decision-making?
What is a potential consequence of groupthink in decision-making?
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Which group is found to be more susceptible to persuasion?
Which group is found to be more susceptible to persuasion?
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What factor is emphasized as important in the medium through which a person receives a message?
What factor is emphasized as important in the medium through which a person receives a message?
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In the elaboration likelihood model, which type of processing focuses on the content of the message?
In the elaboration likelihood model, which type of processing focuses on the content of the message?
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What does peripheral-route processing rely on?
What does peripheral-route processing rely on?
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What is a potential pitfall for jurors using peripheral-route processing?
What is a potential pitfall for jurors using peripheral-route processing?
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How does visual media, like television, affect communication according to the content?
How does visual media, like television, affect communication according to the content?
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According to the elaboration likelihood model, individuals who do not elaborate on a message are using which route?
According to the elaboration likelihood model, individuals who do not elaborate on a message are using which route?
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Which of the following is likely to be a peripheral cue in persuasion?
Which of the following is likely to be a peripheral cue in persuasion?
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Study Notes
Social Psychology
- Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
Social Influence
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Conformity: Changing one's behavior to match the actions of others.
- Sherif's study (1936): Participants estimated the movement of a light in a dark room. Their estimates converged towards the group's answer, even when the light wasn't moving.
- Asch's study (1951): Participants judged line lengths. The majority of participants conformed to the incorrect group answer.
- Conformity is stronger when the judgments are ambiguous (difficult to interpret).
- Conformity increases as the number of confederates (people in the experiment who are acting as part of the group) increases.
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Social Influence: The process through which real or implied presence of others directly or indirectly influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
- Examples: Obedience, agreement to requests, following actions or ideas of others.
Group Behavior
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Groupthink: The tendency of group members to prioritize maintaining group cohesiveness over critically evaluating the facts.
- Symptoms: Illusion of invulnerability, stereotyped views of those who disagree, pressure to conform, self-censorship.
- Group Polarization: A tendency for members of a group to take more extreme positions and make riskier decisions than they would individually.
Social Cognition
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Social Cognition: The mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them.
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Attitudes: Tendencies to respond positively or negatively to something.
- Components: Affective (emotional), behavioral (action-orientated), cognitive (thoughts).
- How attitudes are formed: Direct contact, direct instruction, interactions with others, and observation.
- Impression Formation: The forming of the first knowledge about someone. Including social categorisation: automatically assigning people into categories. Includes stereotypes (beliefs about groups, or people within a group).
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Attribution: The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others.
- Situational attributions: Explanations based on external factors.
- Dispositional attributions: Explanations based on internal factors.
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating the role of internal factors and underestimating the role of external.
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Cognitive Dissonance: Emotional discomfort when attitudes and behaviors clash.
- Methods to reduce dissonance: Change behavior, change attitude, form new attitudes.
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Attitudes: Tendencies to respond positively or negatively to something.
Social Interaction
- Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a group.
- Discrimination: Negative behavior toward a group.
- Equal Status Contact: Contact between groups designed to reduce prejudice (Equal power, resources, status).
- Jigsaw Classroom: Educational approach that promotes collaboration and reduces prejudice by having group members work together on a common goal.
- Interpersonal attraction: liking or wanting a relationship with someone.
- Factors affecting attraction: Proximity (physical nearness), similarity, reciprocity of liking, and physical attractiveness.
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Aggression: Behaviours to intentionally harm others.
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis: frustration can lead to aggression.
- Biological factors: genetics, hormones (testosterone), brain structures (amygdala).
- Social learning theory: learned through observation and imitation.
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Prosocial behaviour: Socially desirable behaviour that benefits others.
- Altruism: Prosocial behaviour without expecting a reward.
- Bystander effect: The presence of others can inhibit a person's response to emergency.
- Diffusion of responsibility: The tendency to feel less accountable to help others when others are present.
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