95 Questions
Which of the following laboratory tests would best indicate poor peripheral tissue perfusion in the patient with left ventricular aneurysm?
Elevated lactate
What cellular process is most likely to occur in the myocardium following administration of tPA in the patient with cardiac arrest?
Reperfusion injury
In the patient with left ventricular aneurysm and worsening CHF, which of the following options is NOT a typical cause of myocardial damage?
Increased sodium
What cellular process is characterized by programmed cell death and is often seen in the setting of ischemic heart disease?
Apoptosis
Which of the following laboratory tests would be most helpful in identifying ongoing myocardial damage following the administration of tPA?
Elevated troponin I
What is the most likely pathologic alteration in the brain from a thrombus in a dilated left atrium?
Pale infarction with coagulative necrosis
What cellular abnormalities are most likely to result in a wedgeshaped splenic lesion with base on the capsule?
Coagulative necrosis
Which type of cell death involves the orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging them into apoptotic bodies?
Apoptosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by dissolution of dead cells with preservation of cellular outline?
Liquefactive necrosis
Which enzyme is most specific for myocardial damage and is commonly elevated in acute coronary syndromes?
Troponin
What type of necrosis is characterized by the presence of fibrin and 'immune complexes' in the walls of arteries?
Fibrinoid necrosis
Which of the following biomarkers is specific for detecting necrosis of cardiac muscle?
Creatine kinase (CK-MB)
In the case of the 73-year-old man who suffered a stroke, what is the most likely type of cell death occurring in the affected brain region?
Necrosis
Which of the following laboratory tests would be most useful in detecting necrosis of hepatocytes (liver cells)?
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
What is the characteristic histological appearance of necrosis in breast tissue?
Foci of shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells, with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction
Which of the following statements about apoptosis is correct?
Apoptosis is a form of programmed and regulated cell death.
Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the brain tissue with liquefaction?
Liquefactive necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses?
Gangrenous necrosis
Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis infection in the lungs?
Caseous necrosis
What type of necrosis is often observed in the pancreas following acute pancreatitis?
Fat necrosis
In which type of necrosis does the affected tissue appear as a black, dry, mummified, and coagulated mass?
Gangrenous necrosis
Which type of necrosis is characterized by the presence of chalky-white areas in affected tissue?
Fat necrosis
What is the characteristic histological appearance of fat necrosis?
Foci of shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells, with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction
Which type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis and often has a soft, crumbly, and cheese-like appearance?
Caseous necrosis
What type of necrosis is characterized by the dissolution of dead cells with preservation of cellular outline?
Liquefactive necrosis
Which type of necrosis is often associated with ischemic conditions and is characterized by a dry, dark, and shrunken appearance with a firm, leathery texture?
Gangrenous necrosis
In which type of necrosis would you expect to find an inflammatory infiltrate and calcium deposits?
Fat necrosis
Which type of necrosis is often associated with vascular occlusion and is characterized by a soft, crumbly, and cheese-like appearance?
Caseous necrosis
Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in foci of tuberculous infection?
Caseous necrosis
What characteristic appearance does fat necrosis often present as?
White chalky deposits
Which pattern of necrosis results in the transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass?
Liquefactive necrosis
What is the distinctive feature of caseous necrosis under microscopic examination?
Structure-less collection of lysed cells
What term is commonly used when a limb has lost its blood supply and undergone coagulative necrosis?
Gangrenous necrosis
Which type of necrosis can be associated with acute pancreatitis?
Fat necrosis
Which type of necrosis can be seen in bacterial abscesses and appears as creamy yellow material due to dead leukocytes?
Liquefactive necrosis
Which cellular injury process is characterized by the presence of chalky-white areas in affected tissue?
Fat necrosis
What is the distinctive histological appearance of caseous necrosis?
Cheese-like appearance
What type of cellular injury results in reversible cell changes such as cell swelling?
Reversible cell injury
What major cellular adaptation occurs in response to stress and results in increased cell size?
Hypertrophy
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fat necrosis under microscopic examination?
'Chalky-white' areas in tissue
What histological feature is characteristic of fat necrosis?
Fatty change
Which of the following is a common cause of irreversible cell injury?
Prolonged duration of injury
In reversible cell injury, what is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells?
Cellular swelling
Which type of injury may lead to irreversible cell injury and ultimately cell death?
Prolonged duration of injury
Which cellular change is observed with failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane?
Cellular swelling
What is a common characteristic of adaptations in response to physiologic states?
Functional and structural responses
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by increased cell and organ size in response to increased workload?
Hypertrophy
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Inability to maintain homeostasis and repair damage
Which cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one cell type with another, better suited to altered local environmental conditions?
Metaplasia
What nuclear change in necrosis is characterized by dark shrunken mass and increased basophilia?
Pyknosis
What enzyme is responsible for the digestion of DNA during karyolysis in necrotic cells?
DNase
Which type of necrosis is often associated with vascular occlusion and appears as a dry, dark, and shrunken mass?
Coagulative necrosis
Which of the following nuclear changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?
Pyknosis
Which pattern of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of tissue architecture, with eosinophilic, anucleate cells persisting for days or weeks?
Coagulative necrosis
What is the characteristic gross appearance of caseous necrosis?
Friable off-white appearance
Which of the following is a common cause of irreversible cell injury?
ATP depletion
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of apoptosis?
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies
What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?
Nuclear changes, including chromatin condensation
What is the characteristic feature of gangrene?
Dry, dark, shrunken, and leathery appearance
What is the most likely pathologic consequence of inadequate autophagy when a cell is under stress?
Triggering of cell death
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of necrosis compared to apoptosis?
Physiologic role
Which injurious stimulus is commonly associated with reduced blood supply to tissues?
Hypoxia
In the context of cellular injury, what is a major mitochondrial perturbation seen in both ischemia and hypoxia?
Release of Cytochrome c
Which of the following substances, if released into the cell cytosol, is most likely to trigger a pathologic process affecting tumor cells?
Phospholipase
What major form of injurious stimuli results in oxygen deficiency at the cellular level?
Hypoxia
What is the primary role of mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
Release of cytochrome c, triggering caspase activation
Which of the following statements about autophagy is correct?
It is a process of self-digestion of cellular components
Which of the following is a major form of injurious stimulus?
Hyperthermia
Which of the following is an example of chemical (toxic) injury?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
What is a major biochemical perturbation seen in ischemia and hypoxia?
Decreased pH (acidosis)
What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury?
Increased free radical formation
What is the primary cause of cell injury and necrosis in ischemia?
Depletion of ATP and failure of ATP-dependent processes
What is the primary mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury?
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species from damaged mitochondria or leukocytes
What is the primary mechanism of chemical (toxic) injury to cells?
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species
What is the primary mechanism of action of autophagy?
Degradation and recycling of cellular components by lysosomes
What is the primary pathologic role of free radicals in the context of cellular injury?
Cause DNA mutations and lipid peroxidation
Which of the following is a protective role of antioxidants in cellular health?
Inhibiting oxidative stress damage
What is the main function of enzymatic free radical scavenging systems in cells?
Neutralize harmful free radicals
In the context of cellular aging, what is a common morphologic feature seen in intracellular accumulations of substances like hemosiderin?
Formation of lipofuscin granules
Which pathophysiologic process is commonly associated with extracellular accumulations of substances in tissues?
Amyloidosis
What role do endogenous and exogenous substances like hemosiderin play in the pathogenesis of diseases?
Contributing to intracellular accumulation diseases
Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cellular injury?
All of the above
Which of the following is an enzymatic free radical-scavenging system?
All of the above
Which of the following is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that scavenges free radicals?
All of the above
Which of the following processes is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of free radicals?
Presence of at least one unpaired valence electron
Which of the following is a major source of free radicals and oxidative stress in cells?
Mitochondrial electron transport chain
What is the primary role of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and catalase?
Scavenge and neutralize free radicals
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of cellular aging?
Accumulation of lipofuscin pigments
Which of the following is an example of an intracellular accumulation of an endogenous substance?
Hemosiderin
Which of the following is an example of an exogenous pigment that can accumulate in cells?
Carbon (anthracosis)
What is the primary mechanism by which acetaminophen can cause liver injury?
Formation of reactive toxic metabolites
Which of the following cellular adaptations involves the replacement of one cell type with another better suited to altered environmental conditions?
Metaplasia
What is the primary function of autophagy in cells?
Removal of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of apoptosis?
Chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation
Hunter Block 4 Week 2
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