Cell Tissue and injury
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following laboratory tests would best indicate poor peripheral tissue perfusion in the patient with left ventricular aneurysm?

  • Elevated troponin I
  • Increased hematocrit
  • Elevated lactate (correct)
  • Increased sodium

    • What cellular process is most likely to occur in the myocardium following administration of tPA in the patient with cardiac arrest?

  • Apoptosis
  • Reperfusion injury (correct)
  • Autophagy
  • Squamous metaplasia

    • In the patient with left ventricular aneurysm and worsening CHF, which of the following options is NOT a typical cause of myocardial damage?

  • Elevated lactate
  • Elevated troponin I
  • Increased sodium (correct)
  • Increased sedimentation rate

    • What cellular process is characterized by programmed cell death and is often seen in the setting of ischemic heart disease?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests would be most helpful in identifying ongoing myocardial damage following the administration of tPA?

    <p>Elevated troponin I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely pathologic alteration in the brain from a thrombus in a dilated left atrium?

    <p>Pale infarction with coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular abnormalities are most likely to result in a wedgeshaped splenic lesion with base on the capsule?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell death involves the orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging them into apoptotic bodies?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by dissolution of dead cells with preservation of cellular outline?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is most specific for myocardial damage and is commonly elevated in acute coronary syndromes?

    <p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by the presence of fibrin and 'immune complexes' in the walls of arteries?

    <p>Fibrinoid necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomarkers is specific for detecting necrosis of cardiac muscle?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK-MB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of the 73-year-old man who suffered a stroke, what is the most likely type of cell death occurring in the affected brain region?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory tests would be most useful in detecting necrosis of hepatocytes (liver cells)?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic histological appearance of necrosis in breast tissue?

    <p>Foci of shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells, with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about apoptosis is correct?

    <p>Apoptosis is a form of programmed and regulated cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is typically seen in the brain tissue with liquefaction?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necroses?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis infection in the lungs?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is often observed in the pancreas following acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of necrosis does the affected tissue appear as a black, dry, mummified, and coagulated mass?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is characterized by the presence of chalky-white areas in affected tissue?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic histological appearance of fat necrosis?

    <p>Foci of shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells, with basophilic calcium deposits, surrounded by an inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is associated with tuberculosis and often has a soft, crumbly, and cheese-like appearance?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by the dissolution of dead cells with preservation of cellular outline?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is often associated with ischemic conditions and is characterized by a dry, dark, and shrunken appearance with a firm, leathery texture?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of necrosis would you expect to find an inflammatory infiltrate and calcium deposits?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is often associated with vascular occlusion and is characterized by a soft, crumbly, and cheese-like appearance?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is commonly seen in foci of tuberculous infection?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic appearance does fat necrosis often present as?

    <p>White chalky deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of necrosis results in the transformation of tissue into a liquid viscous mass?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of caseous necrosis under microscopic examination?

    <p>Structure-less collection of lysed cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is commonly used when a limb has lost its blood supply and undergone coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis can be associated with acute pancreatitis?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis can be seen in bacterial abscesses and appears as creamy yellow material due to dead leukocytes?

    <p>Liquefactive necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular injury process is characterized by the presence of chalky-white areas in affected tissue?

    <p>Fat necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive histological appearance of caseous necrosis?

    <p>Cheese-like appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular injury results in reversible cell changes such as cell swelling?

    <p>Reversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major cellular adaptation occurs in response to stress and results in increased cell size?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of fat necrosis under microscopic examination?

    <p>'Chalky-white' areas in tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature is characteristic of fat necrosis?

    <p>Fatty change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Prolonged duration of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reversible cell injury, what is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells?

    <p>Cellular swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury may lead to irreversible cell injury and ultimately cell death?

    <p>Prolonged duration of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular change is observed with failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane?

    <p>Cellular swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of adaptations in response to physiologic states?

    <p>Functional and structural responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular adaptation is characterized by increased cell and organ size in response to increased workload?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Inability to maintain homeostasis and repair damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one cell type with another, better suited to altered local environmental conditions?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nuclear change in necrosis is characterized by dark shrunken mass and increased basophilia?

    <p>Pyknosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for the digestion of DNA during karyolysis in necrotic cells?

    <p>DNase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is often associated with vascular occlusion and appears as a dry, dark, and shrunken mass?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nuclear changes is indicative of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Pyknosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of tissue architecture, with eosinophilic, anucleate cells persisting for days or weeks?

    <p>Coagulative necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic gross appearance of caseous necrosis?

    <p>Friable off-white appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>ATP depletion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of apoptosis?

    <p>Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Nuclear changes, including chromatin condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of gangrene?

    <p>Dry, dark, shrunken, and leathery appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely pathologic consequence of inadequate autophagy when a cell is under stress?

    <p>Triggering of cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical characteristic of necrosis compared to apoptosis?

    <p>Physiologic role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which injurious stimulus is commonly associated with reduced blood supply to tissues?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cellular injury, what is a major mitochondrial perturbation seen in both ischemia and hypoxia?

    <p>Release of Cytochrome c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances, if released into the cell cytosol, is most likely to trigger a pathologic process affecting tumor cells?

    <p>Phospholipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major form of injurious stimuli results in oxygen deficiency at the cellular level?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mitochondria in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Release of cytochrome c, triggering caspase activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about autophagy is correct?

    <p>It is a process of self-digestion of cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major form of injurious stimulus?

    <p>Hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of chemical (toxic) injury?

    <p>Carbon monoxide poisoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major biochemical perturbation seen in ischemia and hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased pH (acidosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury?

    <p>Increased free radical formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cell injury and necrosis in ischemia?

    <p>Depletion of ATP and failure of ATP-dependent processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury?

    <p>Increased generation of reactive oxygen species from damaged mitochondria or leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of chemical (toxic) injury to cells?

    <p>Increased generation of reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of autophagy?

    <p>Degradation and recycling of cellular components by lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathologic role of free radicals in the context of cellular injury?

    <p>Cause DNA mutations and lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a protective role of antioxidants in cellular health?

    <p>Inhibiting oxidative stress damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of enzymatic free radical scavenging systems in cells?

    <p>Neutralize harmful free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of cellular aging, what is a common morphologic feature seen in intracellular accumulations of substances like hemosiderin?

    <p>Formation of lipofuscin granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathophysiologic process is commonly associated with extracellular accumulations of substances in tissues?

    <p>Amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do endogenous and exogenous substances like hemosiderin play in the pathogenesis of diseases?

    <p>Contributing to intracellular accumulation diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause cellular injury?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an enzymatic free radical-scavenging system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that scavenges free radicals?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of free radicals?

    <p>Presence of at least one unpaired valence electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major source of free radicals and oxidative stress in cells?

    <p>Mitochondrial electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymatic antioxidants like superoxide dismutase and catalase?

    <p>Scavenge and neutralize free radicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of cellular aging?

    <p>Accumulation of lipofuscin pigments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an intracellular accumulation of an endogenous substance?

    <p>Hemosiderin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an exogenous pigment that can accumulate in cells?

    <p>Carbon (anthracosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which acetaminophen can cause liver injury?

    <p>Formation of reactive toxic metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cellular adaptations involves the replacement of one cell type with another better suited to altered environmental conditions?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of autophagy in cells?

    <p>Removal of damaged organelles and misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological feature of apoptosis?

    <p>Chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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