Questions and Answers
What is Ground Sample Distance?
What variables make up the formula for calculating Ground Sample Distance?
Sensor altitude, sensor width, image width, focal length
Can you compare the relative and absolute accuracy of geospatial data used in RPAS operations?
Relative accuracy is the consistency of spatial relations in images, while absolute accuracy is the accuracy relative to known ground coordinates.
What do camera depression angle and azimuth mean in the context of RPAS operations?
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What is the difference between a low oblique and a high oblique aerial image?
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What are the units of measurement commonly used in RPAS operations for various metrics?
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What coordinate systems are commonly employed in RPAS operations?
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How do the objectives of aerial survey missions differ from those of aerial inspection missions?
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What is the difference between front lap and side lap in relation to an aerial survey mission?
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What is the generic workflow used to plan and execute an RPAS mission?
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Differentiate between area of interest and area of operation regarding RPAS mission planning.
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What does RPAS mission planning mean by launch and recovery site?
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Explain the concept of mission objectives in RPAS mission planning.
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Identify official sources for airspace and related information.
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Differentiate between Class E airspace types (E4, E3, E2) and explain the authorization required.
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How can you identify Airspace and Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) specific to an operational area?
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What information can be determined by using an Airport Facility Maps (LAANC)?
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How can you determine if a proposed operation falls within daylight, civil twilight, or night conditions?
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What is the difference between a METAR and a TAF, and which one is more suited to preliminary flight planning?
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What's the process for identifying the correct air traffic frequency to monitor in a specific operational area?
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What is the common landing frequency used at most heliports unless published otherwise?
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What other regulations might impact a proposed RPAS operation besides airspace-related regulations?
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How do you determine a specific operational area's launch and recovery elevation?
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What is the difference between Mean Sea Level (MSL) and Above Ground Level (AGL)?
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What factors contribute to a given operational area's Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)?
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What is metadata in the context of aerial images?
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How can data storage be a limiting mission factor for an RPAS mission?
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What factors affect the required energy (number of batteries) to complete an RPAS mission?
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What factors contribute to the suitability of a launch and recovery site for RPAS operations?
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How do you assess surface conditions at a launch and recovery site?
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Identify potential obstacles within a proposed operational area for RPAS missions.
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How do you evaluate the proximity to people and property to ensure safe RPAS operations?
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What considerations are important when determining ground support and access requirements for RPAS operations?
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What is viewshed analysis, and how is it used in visual line-of-sight RPAS operations?
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What are the dimensions and functions of a Touchdown and Lift-Off (TLOF) area?
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What are the dimensions and functions of a Final Approach and Takeoff (FATO) area?
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What is the function of a Safety Zone surrounding a Launch and Recovery Zone (LRZ)?
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What is the minimum Ground Risk Buffer that should be used during planning?
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How can you generate a Site Survey using the NOTED framework?
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What is the function of a formal safety review in RPAS operations?
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Who should constitute the safety review board?
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What is the difference between a Safety Review and a Flight Risk Assessment Tool?
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Within the Operational Risk Management framework, who should decide if a high-risk mission should proceed?
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What type of fire extinguisher is required to handle lithium polymer (LiPo) battery fires?
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What are the requirements for transmitting on the aviation spectrum from outside an aircraft?
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What are the best practices for charging lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries?
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What Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required for flying an RPAS?
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What is the protocol for lifting heavy equipment to reduce the risk of back injuries?
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What are the risks of exposure, and what strategies can prevent them?
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What are the risks of dehydration for a remote pilot and crew?
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How can a crew reduce tripping and fall hazards at the job site?
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What measures reduce the likelihood of lacerations and crushing injuries on the job site?
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What shop inspections are necessary to ensure equipment readiness for RPAS operations?
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Which components of RPAS include hazardous materials?
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What precautions are necessary for shipping hazardous materials related to RPAS operations?
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What are the steps required to conduct field inspections to verify equipment functionality?
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What are the optimal environmental conditions for maintaining electronic components in working order?
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What is ingress protection rating in RPAS operations?
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What are the three possible options for a go/no-go decision?
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How do weather conditions, aircraft status, crew health, air traffic volume, payload, and communications connectivity impact the decision to proceed with a launch?
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How can a Flight Risk Assessment Tool assess the risk of a mission?
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What is the acronym IMSAFE, and how is it used in aviation?
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How is the AMEND framework used to respond to unexpected situations?
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What are loss of link, loss of control, controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), and air traffic conflict in the context of RPAS operations?
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What are the RACE and PASS protocols for dealing with a job site fire?
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List the priorities in the event of injury to ground personnel.
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What are the responsibilities of a remote pilot in implementing the company's Emergency Response Plan?
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According to the OBJECTIVES framework, what essential information should be included in a pre-mission briefing?
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What is the framework used during a post-mission debrief to facilitate mission analysis?
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Who is responsible for generating an After-Action Report?
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How can an After-Action Report drive improvement within a flight service provider?
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When is it appropriate to file an incident report?
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What information should be documented and retained following an incident?
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What are the markers of professionalism relevant to remote pilots?
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What social norms form the basis of remote pilot standards of ethical conduct?
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What are a remote pilot's responsibilities to their employer?
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What are a remote pilot's responsibilities to their customers?
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What are a remote pilot's responsibilities to the public at large?
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What are a remote pilot's responsibilities within the greater aviation system?
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Study Notes
Ground Sample Distance
- Refers to the size of a pixel projected on the ground, impacting image resolution.
Ground Sample Distance Calculation
- Calculated using sensor altitude, sensor width, image width, and focal length.
Accuracy in Geospatial Data
- Relative accuracy: Consistency of spatial relationships in images.
- Absolute accuracy: Accuracy compared to known ground coordinates.
Camera Angles in RPAS Operations
- Camera depression angle: Angle from sensor to ground.
- Azimuth: Horizontal angle indicating left-right orientation.
Aerial Image Types
- Low oblique images: Camera almost directly below, horizon not visible.
- High oblique images: Taken at a high depression angle, horizon visible.
Measurement Units in RPAS
- Commonly used units include AGL for altitude, knots for airspeed, meters/miles for distance, zulu time for time, and inches of mercury for atmospheric pressure.
Coordinate Systems for Positioning
- Geographic coordinate system uses latitude and longitude.
- Universal Transverse Mercator separates the Earth into 60 zones using easting and northing coordinates.
Aerial Missions
- Aerial survey: Focuses on large area coverage.
- Aerial inspection: Detailed examination of specific assets for integrity and risks.
Survey Mission Overlaps
- Front lap: The initial pass of the area.
- Side lap: Last pass, adjacent to the area of operations.
RPAS Mission Workflow
- Involves preliminary planning, site visits for data gathering, followed by a safety review.
Areas in Mission Planning
- Area of interest: Specific targets for survey.
- Area of operation: Identifies potential hazards for the operation.
Launch and Recovery Site
- Designated location for taking off and landing the aerial vehicle.
Mission Objectives
- Defined purpose and desired outcomes of an aerial mission.
Airspace Authorization
- LAANC serves as the primary source for airspace authorizations, TFRs, and operational data.
Class E Airspace Types
- E4: No ATC authorization needed; related to Class D airspace.
- E3: Also requires no authorization, connects controlled to uncontrolled airspace.
- E2: Requires authorization, associated with limited control tower services.
Identifying Airspace Restrictions
- Use LAANC authorization to identify airspace and TFRs in an operational area.
Airport Facility Maps
- Provide details on controlled airspace coverage and restrictions.
Flight Timing Assessment
- Assess daylight conditions by evaluating cloud cover, sun, and moon positions.
METAR vs. TAF
- METAR provides current weather; TAF gives anticipated conditions, preferable for preliminary planning.
Air Traffic Frequency Monitoring
- Common traffic advisory frequency should be monitored for safe communication.
Helicopter Landing Frequency
- Standard frequency at most heliports is 123.025 MHz.
Regulatory Considerations
- Additional regulations include light levels, flight over people, and national parks.
Launch and Recovery Elevation
- Determined based on appropriate elevation references such as AGL or MSL.
MSL vs. AGL
- MSL: Height relative to sea level.
- AGL: Height relative to the ground directly below the aerial vehicle.
Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) Factors
- Based on terrain elevation, obstacle heights, and minimum clearance requirements.
Metadata in Aerial Imagery
- Data that describes other data, particularly important for image analysis.
Data Storage Limitations
- Storage capacity constrains the size of the area that can be surveyed.
Energy Factors for RPAS Missions
- Temperature significantly affects battery life and energy requirements.
Launch and Recovery Site Suitability
- Consider surface conditions, vegetation, obstacles, and wildlife for operational safety.
Surface Condition Assessment
- Conduct site analyses to evaluate conditions at the launch and recovery site.
Evaluating Proximity to People
- Assess using operational volume to ensure safety and compliance.
Ground Support Requirements
- Important considerations include access control, maintenance facilities, and power availability.
Viewshed Analysis
- Determines visibility from specific points, ensuring all areas of interest are observable.
Touchdown and Lift-Off (TLOF) Area
- Size based on the aerial vehicle, serves as an aim point for recovery.
Final Approach and Takeoff (FATO) Area
- Four times the size of the aerial vehicle, provides a buffer for safe landings.
Safety Zones
- Around Launch and Recovery Zones to keep non-essential personnel away.
Ground Risk Buffer
- Suggested minimum is a 1:1 ratio to ground altitude for safety planning.
Site Survey Procedure
- Follow the NOTED framework for comprehensive site assessments.
Formal Safety Reviews
- Aim to identify and mitigate risks associated with RPAS operations.
Safety Review Board Composition
- Should include the director of safety, operations, and maintenance.
Safety Review vs. Flight Risk Assessment Tool
- Safety reviews cover broader safety issues, while FRAT focuses on flight risks.
High-Risk Mission Decisions
- Decisions must be made to avoid proceeding with high-risk missions.
Fire Safety Equipment for LiPo Batteries
- Class D fire extinguishers are necessary for lithium polymer battery fires.
Aviation Spectrum Regulations
- Specific requirements for transmitting from outside an aircraft.
Best Practices for Charging LiPo Batteries
- Charging bags recommended to mitigate battery fire risks.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for RPAS
- Required PPE includes eye/ear protection, head/hand/foot protection, and high visibility vests.
Lifting Protocol for Heavy Equipment
- Proper technique involves lifting with legs and maintaining a straight back.
Risk of Exposure and Prevention
- Identifying medical risks and implementing appropriate solutions is essential.
Dehydration Risks for Remote Pilots
- May lead to dizziness, unconsciousness, or serious health crises like strokes.
Workplace Hazard Prevention
- Reduce risks of tripping or falls by maintaining clear walkways.
Injury Prevention Measures
- Use machine guards to prevent lacerations and crush injuries.
Equipment Readiness Inspections
- Regular checks on aerial vehicles and components for operational safety.
Hazardous Materials in RPAS Components
- Batteries are primary sources of hazardous materials in RPAS.
Shipping Hazardous Materials
- Ensure proper labeling and secure packaging during transport.
Field Inspections Procedure
- Verify the functionality of all aerial vehicle components before a mission.
Environmental Conditions for Electronics
- Maintain specific temperature and humidity levels for optimal performance.
Ingress Protection Ratings (IP)
- Indicates the ability of components to resist water and solid objects.
Go/No-Go Decision Options
- Three potential outcomes: go, no-go, or postpone.
Launch Decision Factors
- Weather, aircraft status, crew health, and other variables influence launch viability.
Flight Risk Assessment Tool Function
- Identifies and mitigates risks associated with a mission.
IMSAFE Acronym
- Used for assessing personal fitness to fly: Illness, Medication, Sleep, Alcohol, Fatigue, Eating.
AMEND Framework
- Offers a structured approach for pilots to address unexpected situations.
RPAS Operational Risks
- Includes loss of link, loss of control, CFIT, and air traffic conflicts.
Fire Response Protocols
- RACE for fire management, PASS for operating fire extinguishers.
Injury Response Priorities
- Access the injured, stabilize them, and administer CPR if trained.
Remote Pilot Responsibilities in Emergencies
- Must be familiar with emergency contacts and protocols.
Pre-Mission Briefing Elements
- OBJECTIVES framework includes mission purpose, boundaries, equipment, and contingency plans.
Post-Mission Debrief Framework
- Utilize Replay, Reconstruct, Reflect, Redirect for thorough mission analysis.
After-Action Report Responsibility
- Generated by the remote pilot in command following mission completion.
After-Action Report Improvement
- Serves as a tool to highlight areas for improvement and learning.
Incident Report Criteria
- Required for significant issues such as serious injuries or property damage.
Incident Documentation Requirements
- Date, time, location, detailed description, and relevant witness information should be recorded.
Professionalism in Remote Pilots
- Involves a commitment to knowledge mastery, ongoing education, and ethical standards.
Ethical Conduct in Remote Piloting
- Based on established social norms and ethics.
Employer Responsibilities for Remote Pilots
- Delivering expected results and adhering to company policies.
Customer Responsibilities for Remote Pilots
- Providing requested information with accuracy and timeliness.
Public Responsibilities of Remote Pilots
- Ensuring public safety and respecting privacy.
Responsibilities within Aviation System
- Contributing to an overall safe flying environment.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to Ground Sample Distance and the accuracy of geospatial data used in RPAS operations. It is designed to help students prepare effectively for their USI exams by testing their knowledge of key terms and formulas in this field. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding and recall of important definitions and comparisons.