Uses and Impacts of ICT

• ICT generally refers to all devices, networking components, applications, and systems enabling interaction in the digital world

Uses of ICT in Daily Life:

• Communication is more accessible through ICT via chatting, email, voice mail and social networking
• Job opportunities are enhanced as ICT skills are vital for organizations to operate efficiently allowing staff to focus on soft skills
• ICT has the ability to impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and integrate technology into the curriculum
  • A flipped classroom model involves students reviewing lectures at home and engaging in more interactive exercises in class
• Social media has transformed socialization, changing ways in which people find partners, access news information, and organize for political change

Positive Impacts of ICT in Society:

• Increased access to information and services through the growth of the internet
  • Examples are better and cheaper communications like VoIP and Instant Messaging
• Education has improved via distance learning, online tutorials, interactive multimedia and virtual reality tools
• New tools give access to tools that did not previously exist
• Communication enables cost savings through VoIP, email, messaging, video conferencing and e-commerce
• Information management leads to data mining for targeted advertising and improved stock control
• Security is enhanced through encryption methods to secure data when stored and sent electronically
• People can participate in a wider society
• Students can access teaching materials from all over the world.
• Facilitates the ability to perform 'impossible' experiments' by using simulations
• Interesting jobs are created for systems analysts, programmers, software engineers, help desk operators and trainers

Negative Impacts of ICT in Society:

• Manual operations are replaced which results in job loss
  • Data processing may be sent to other lower cost countries
• Reduced personal interaction may lead to isolation and unhappiness
• Reduced physical activity can cause obesity, heart disease, and diabetes
• ICT hardware and software can be expensive alongside maintenance and specialist staff
• Greater competition can be a problem for some organizations

Definition of a Computer:

• A programmable machine
• An electronic device which manipulates information or data with ability to store, retrieve, and process
• A machine which manipulates data according to a set of instructions
• Any device which aids humans in performing calculations

Characteristics of a Computer:

• Responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner
• Able to execute a pre-recorded list of instructions
• Stores and retrieve large amounts of data quickly

Applications of ICT (computer) in Daily Life:

• Business - Used to maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports
• Education - Used for audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, remote learning, internet access
• Healthcare - Revolutionized by digitizing medical information making it easier to store and analyze patient data, and search for disease risks
• Retail and Trade - Used to buy and sell products, reach wider markets, compare prices, and choose delivery options
• Government - Improves quality and efficiency of government services
• Marketing - Enables precise marketing by facilitating data analysis, website creation, and promotional materials
• Science - Used for research, information sharing, and data collection/organization
• Publishing - Used to design various publications
• Arts and Entertainment - Used in virtually every branch of the arts
• Communication - Enables real-time communication via platforms like Skype
• Banking and Finance - Facilitates online banking activities
• Transport - Automates vehicles for safety and navigation
• Navigation - Increasingly computerized with GPS technology
• Working From Home - Enables remote access to data and communication
• Military - Used extensively for training and analyzing intelligence
• Social and Romance - Socializing via new ways that didn't previously exist
• Booking Vacations - Used to study timetables, examine routes, and buy tickets

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

• The word "computer" originally referred to a person performing calculations
• Tally sticks were ancient memory aids to record numbers and messages
• Abacus are mechanical devices used for math calculations
  • They were invented in Babylonia in 2400 BC but the form now used started in China in 500 BC
• Napier's Bones allowed multiplication, division, and root calculations by moving rods
  • Invented by John Napier in 1614
• Slide Rule used for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry
  • Invented by William Oughtred in 1622
• Pascaline was a subtraction and addition machine
  • Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
• Stepped Reckoner can automatically add, subtract, multiply and divide
  • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672
• Jacquard Loom are automatic looms controlled by punched cards
  • Invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
• Arithmometer the first reliable and commercially successful calculator which could perform basic math functions
  • Invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820
• Difference and Analytical Engine automatic calculators designed to tabulate polynomial functions
  • Made by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• First Computer Programmer (Augusta Ada Byron) wrote programs for the Analytical Engine
  • In 1840 she suggested the use of the binary system to Babbage
• Scheutzian Calculation Engine was the first printing calculator
  • Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
• Tabulating Machine assists in summarizing information
  • Herman Hollerith in 1890 made them
• Harvard Mark 1 (IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator/ASCC) was the first electro-mechanical computer
  • Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• Z1 was the first programmable computer which required the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
  • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) was the first electronic digital computing device
  • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first electronic general-purpose computer
  • Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and completed in 1946
• UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1 (UNIVAC 1) was the first commercial computer.
  • Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) the First Stored Program Computer which held both a stored program as well as data
  • Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
• Osborne 1 was the First Portable Computer
  • Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
• Electronic Controls Company which was the First Computer Company
  • Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly

Basic Computing Periods - Ages

• Premechanical age occurred between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D
  • petroglyths were simple picture drawings usually carved in rock
  • Pheonician alphabet early alphabets were developed
  • First 1-9 system was created by people from India
  • Abacus was the popular model
• Mechanical age occurred between 1450 and 1840
  • Slide rule technologies were invented
  • Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer
  • Charles Babbage developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the method of finite differences
• Electromechanical age occurred between 1840 and 1940 -Begninning of telecomunication
  • Telegraph made in the early 1800s -Morse code made in 1835 -The telephone made in 1876
  • The radio made int 1894
• Electronic age is what is currently lived and defines the time between 1940 and right now
  • ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer
  • In the four sections of digital computing, the first was the era of vacuum tubes and punch cards -The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape -The third generation replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers -The fourth generation brought in CPUs

History of Computer: Generations of Computer

• The First Generation used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, relied on machine language and could only solve one problem at a time

• The Second Generation saw transistors replacing vacuum tubes and moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages

• The Third Generation saw the development of the integrated circuit, along with smaller and cheaper devices

• The Fourth Generation saw microprocessors with thousands of integrated circuits while also developing GUI, the mouse, and handheld devices

• The Fifth Generation is based on AI and still in development

• "The Web" contains information organized into Web pages with text and images

• The world wide Web is a larger collection of interconnected document and can contain hypertext links

• Web site is a collection of pages with a theme

• Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (TimBL) an English engineer and computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web

Web 1.0 Features:

• Includes features such as Read only web, If focused. On company's home pages
  • Examples of sites include; Mp3.com and Home Page
• Disadvantages are features such as Read only web, Limited user interaction + Lack of standards

Web 2.0 Features:

• Is a generation of Web services and applications emphasizing human collaboration
• Is a platform where users control their data
• Is about user generated content and the read write web -Examples sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn etc...

Web 2.0 Key Features:

• Folksonomy allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords
• Content is dynamic and is responsive to user’s input

Web 3.0 Features:

• Is more connected open and intelligent
• Applications are upgraded with more features
• It applies same principles as Web 2.0
• Connected, open, and intelligent with semantic web technologies
• Framework that allows data to be shared and reuse todeliver content
• Language that can be read and categorized by system rather than humans.

Types of Websites

• eCommerce is a website people can directly buy products from
• Business that’s the website devoted to representing a specific business
• Entertainment is the website that visits for entertainment purposes
• Portfolio is the website devoted to showing examples of past work
• Media is the website for collecting news stories or other reporting
• Brochure is the simplified form of a business website
• Nonprofit is the easiest way for many potential donors to make donations and helps people learn more

The Internet

• largest computer network in the world which connects billions of computer user. The word comes from combination between “interconnection” and “network”

Network

• Is the collection of computers and devices connected via communication channels and media
• Began in January 2 1969 when ARPA started an experimental computer network

Components of Internet

• Servers Computer program which provides service to others
  • The types such as application web and proxy servers
• IP Address Numerical label assigned to each device
• Browser which provides a way to look information on the web
• Domain Name System phonebook of internet used
• Internet Service Provider an organization for providing access and used

2 types of ISP

• Providing access in geographic areas and business

Uses of Internet

• Send receive mail, video conferencing and social networking along with looking for information
• HTML coding language used to tell a browser
• URL web address used to connect to information

Virginia Shea’s the Core Rules Netiquette

• Treating others with the same respect
• Avoid texting or slang
• Typings should be in simple sentence
• Messages proof read before sending and all involved participants of the message should know of its presence

Commandments of Computer Ethics

• The golden Rule
• Depending on world and being appropriate
• Respecting others with response to time

Cyber crime

• Defined as the culture of technology and virtual reality
• May use technology to access personal information and secrets
• Consists of cyber Bullying with communications and messages along with unauthorized use and hacker