User-Defined Functions in Programming
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a function in programming?

  • To manage program memory allocation
  • To perform a single well-defined task (correct)
  • To represent objects in the program
  • To store data temporarily

    • Which of the following describes function declaration?

  • Calling a function with parameters
  • Returning a value from a function
  • The process of creating a function from scratch
  • Making a function accessible to the program (correct)

    • What characteristic defines a function that returns nothing?

  • Integer function
  • Static function
  • Recursive function
  • Void function (correct)

    • What is a key benefit of modular programming?

    <p>Improved maintenance and reusability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is synonymous with subroutine in programming?

    <p>Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of creating functions in programming?

    <p>Allows for code reusability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'void' keyword in a function declaration indicate?

    <p>The function does not return any value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these correctly describes the relation between main() and f2()?

    <p>main() calls f2(), which can subsequently call f3() as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line in a function header?

    <p>Return type and function name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to name functions descriptively?

    <p>To reflect the task or purpose of the function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    User-Defined Functions

    • A function is a code segment designed to perform a specific task.
    • Functions are logically packed code.
    • Functions can be called from any part of a program.
    • Better practice is to break down complex tasks into smaller separate functions.
    • Function support single responsibility.
    • Modularizing code leads to better maintainability and reusability.

    Basic Things To Know

    • Function Definition: How to write a function in a program.
    • Function Declaration: How to make the function known to the program.
    • Function Call: How to call a function from any part of a program.
    • Parameter Passing: How to send information/data to a function.
    • Return Result: Returning the result from a function or returning nothing.
    • Scope of Variables: Scope of variables within functions.

    The Concept of Procedure Oriented Programming (POP)

    • POP utilizes modules/subroutines/functions as organized procedures for structured programming.
    • This enhances readability, writability, reusability, and maintainability.
    • Complex tasks are broken down into smaller functions for improved code structure.

    Structure of Modular Concept

    • A program will feature a main function that calls supporting functions.
    • These functions can themselves call other functions.
    • Avoiding code duplication through function reuse increases the efficiency.

    Declaring and Defining a Function

    • Functions enhance code reusability by being called repeatedly.
    • Functions can also be identified by meaningful names, such as displayInfo().
    • Function names need to be descriptive.
    • Functions normally have a return type that specify the type of data to be returned back.

    Void

    • A function that does not return any value.

    Declaring a Function in C

    • Functions can be declared before their use.
    • Declare a function by copying its header followed by a semicolon.
    • Declare functions in locations where they'll be called.
    • Placing a declaration inside a function means the function will only be used in that function.

    Calling a Function

    • The process of executing a function is called invoking or calling the function.
    • Functions can be invoked multiple times in a program.
    • Order of function calls is not important.

    Program Example

    • Reusing functions helps avoid writing similar code repeatedly.

    One Function Example

    • The program calculates cost after tax in one function.
    • The same program can be written with two functions to further demonstrate delegation.

    Functions

    • Functions can be created to handle identical calculations across the program using different input values.
    • Formal parameters are used to represent variables to hold values.
    • Input values are passed from the caller to the function in the same sequence as the parameter declaration.

    Parameters and Parameter Passing

    • Function parameters are used to receive values from calling functions.
    • Function parameters are passed by value in C. This implies a copy of the value is placed in the function's parameter.
    • A local variable is visible within the function but not outside it.
    • The return keyword ends the function and transfers control back to the calling function.

    Making Your Own Functions

    • Line 10 in example shows a call to the addTax function.
    • Parameter values passed are copies of original values.

    Solving for Factorial Using Only Main Function

    • Iteration is used to calculate factorials.
    • Variable declarations are utilized to hold values (e.g. mult).

    Solving for Factorial, Breaking the Functionality into Another User-Defined Function Apart from Main Function

    • Functions that are defined separately can be reused by any other function.
    • The factorial function calculates n!.
    • Functions can be used in multiple functions in a program.

    Making More Than One User-Defined Functions

    • The program calculates factorial and square of a number using separate functions.
    • Functions are defined outside main().

    Using Switch Control Construct to Call User-Defined Functions

    • Switch statements can call user defined functions in C.

    Program to Show How to Reuse Already Written User-Defined Functions

    • Abstraction is achieved when functions are defined separately for code reusability.
    • The program is saved as functionPack.cpp.
    • The #include statement is placed to include this program in other parts of the code or programs.

    Arrays

    • An array is a collection of data that all have the same name and type.
    • Arrays can hold multiple data values of the same type (integers, characters, etc).

    Arrays...

    • Arrays can be used to store data (e.g. temperature) for an easy way to manage the values.
    • Arrays cannot store elements of dissimilar types (e.g., integers and floats).
    • Loop statements can be used to iterate through array elements.

    Creating an Array

    • Arrays are declared as data_type array_name[size].
    • Subscripts/indexes start from 0, and end at size -1 (e.g., if size is 7, the last element is t[6]).

    Step 1. Declare an Array Variable

    • Subscripts for an n-element array always run from 0 to n-1.
    • Array elements are indicated by subscript in square brackets.
    • An array of characters is commonly used to represent a string.

    Array Further Illustration

    • Arrays are useful for storing a series of data of identical type.

    Array Further Illustration (2)

    • Accessing array elements is done by array name followed by the index.

    Step 1. Declare an Array Variable (2)

    • If arrays are used to store strings, the last character will be the null character ('\0').

    One-Dimensional Character Array

    • The program will illustrate a one-dimensional character array named state.
    • It also illustrates how the characters in a string can be stored.
    • The array can be filled by assigning literal values to each array element.

    Lowercase to Uppercase Text Conversion

    • Converts lowercase characters to upper case.

    Initializing Array

    • Arrays can be initialized with values using curly brackets {}, separating by commas.

    Accessing Array Elements

    • Arrays can be assigned values using assignment operator =.
    • Arrays can be filled using scanf function to read in values, with the & symbol before array references.

    Reading Elements (Decimal Values)

    • Reading in decimal values into an array.

    Reading in String using scanf

    • Reading a string in/out.

    Classwork

    • Practical exercises involving arrays (e.g. summing, finding largest).

    Multidimensional Arrays

    • Arrays can have more than one dimension.
    • Each dimension is declared as a separate index in square brackets.

    General terms for Multidimensional

    • General terms for multidimensional arrays.

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    Related Documents

    Functions and Arrays (PDF)

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of user-defined functions, their definitions, declarations, calls, and the principles of parameter passing and return results. It also touches on the importance of procedure-oriented programming and modularization for better readability and maintainability of code.

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