US Science Policy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary effect of bringing players together in the innovation game?

  • It promotes strategic, long-term focus on activities. (correct)
  • It simplifies complex ideas into marketable products.
  • It reduces potential market failures.
  • It enhances individual scientific discoveries.

    • How can technology influence the agenda for basic science?

  • It eliminates the need for basic research.
  • It drives demand for new research areas linked to innovations. (correct)
  • It creates funding opportunities for unrelated research.
  • It standardizes definitions across scientific fields.

    • What can discourage the reliable accumulation of knowledge in science?

  • Incentives for eye-catching discoveries. (correct)
  • Methodical and standardized research approaches.
  • Collaboration among scientists.
  • Rigorous definition of scientific questions.

    • What is a characteristic of trans-scientific questions?

    <p>They involve highly variable definitions sensitive to researcher choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might experts disagree on economic assessments?

    <p>Different definitions discount non-measurable contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of researchers in the context of evidence-based policymaking?

    <p>Analyzing statistical significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key motivation for policymakers?

    <p>Career advancement based on peer judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'evidence-based policymaking' advocate for?

    <p>Using knowledge to enhance decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge in achieving evidence-based policymaking?

    <p>Conflicting motivations between researchers and policymakers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do policymakers typically want to know when considering new policies?

    <p>Cost, effectiveness, and political implications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a central argument made by Sarewitz regarding the policy for science?

    <p>It must focus on technological advance and accountability to end users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples illustrates the outcomes of DOD-led projects discussed by Sarewitz?

    <p>First digital computer and the Internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critique does Parthasarathy present regarding the current science policy?

    <p>It does not adequately reflect societal needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about the 'free play of free intellect' approach according to Sarewitz?

    <p>It fails to ensure accountability and societal benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Sarewitz believe a managed approach to science is necessary?

    <p>To establish a clear standard for scientific inquiry and societal benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Congressional Research Service?

    <p>To provide public policy research support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency evaluates government policies and conducts audits without official reprimand authority?

    <p>Government Accountability Office</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972 focus on?

    <p>Using advisory committees for public health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chevron deference?

    <p>A legal principle stating courts must defer to agencies on ambiguous laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the judicial branch of government primarily do?

    <p>Interpret laws and determine their constitutionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the government play in regulating scientific research?

    <p>The government oversees regulatory processes related to scientific research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between intramural and extramural research?

    <p>Intramural research is performed within federal agencies, while extramural research occurs with outside organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is investment in university-based research important?

    <p>It supports both research initiatives and the education of future scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the overall mission of federal science policy evolved?

    <p>It shifted due to the recognition of the need for scientific advancement during peacetime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key contribution made during World War II by scientific research?

    <p>Creation of the Manhattan Project and advancements in military technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily funds indirect costs of research?

    <p>Government funding covering administrative expenses and facilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the major influence on the research agenda during WWII?

    <p>Coordination by the military to meet wartime needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about federal science funding prior to WWII is accurate?

    <p>Most funding for scientific research came from private donors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the National Science Foundation (NSF)?

    <p>Oversee basic research and education across all areas of science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who sets the policy for the National Science Foundation (NSF)?

    <p>A presidential appointee in the form of the National Science Board</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which office was created in 1976 to assist the President with scientific policy and budgetary matters?

    <p>Office of Science and Technology Policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles does the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) fulfill?

    <p>Coordinates science policies across federal agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of Vannevar Bush's model of 'policy for science'?

    <p>It neglects the history of technological advancements coming from the Department of Defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which federal agency is primarily responsible for biomedical research funding?

    <p>National Institutes of Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency is the largest funder of federal R&D related to both basic and applied research?

    <p>Department of Defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the Presidential Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST)?

    <p>The highest level science advisory group not comprising federal government officials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which governmental department is responsible for regulating standards of measurement for commerce and industry?

    <p>Department of Commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the NIH evolve since its inception?

    <p>Started as the Hygienic Laboratory in 1887 and became NIH in 1930</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) concerning science programs?

    <p>Prepares presidential budget requests to Congress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas falls under the responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security?

    <p>Research and Development related to national security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant contribution to the scientific research landscape did the DOD make?

    <p>Development of technologies like the Internet and GPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) serve?

    <p>Provision of daily weather forecasts and climate change studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the staff working at the NSF?

    <p>Many are members of the research community serving as 'rotators'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Readings

    • Homer A. Neal, Jennifer B. McCormick, & Tobin L. Smith, Beyond Sputnik (Chapters Two and Three)
    • Daniel Sarewitz, Saving Science
    • William J. Broad, What Happened to All of Science's Big Breakthroughs?
    • Shobita Parthasarathy, Innovation as a Force for Equity
    • Karen Bogenschneider & Thomas J. Corbett, Evidence-Based Policymaking (Chapter One)

    Lectures

    • Tuesday, September 24th, 2024: Fundamentals of US Science Policy
    • Thursday, September 26th, 2024: Fundamentals of US Science Policy
    • Thursday, October 3rd, 2024: Critiques of US Science Policy
    • Tuesday, October 8th, 2024: Critiques of US Science Policy
    • Thursday, October 10th, 2024: Fundamentals of the Policy-Making Process
    • Tuesday, October 15th, 2024: Civic Science Approaches
    • Tuesday, October 22nd, 2024: Science of Collaboration
    • Thursday, October 24th, 2024: Science of Collaboration
    • Tuesday, October 29th, 2024: Fundamentals of Persuasion

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts and critiques related to US science policy, informed by essential readings and lectures. It delves into the fundamentals of policymaking and the role of innovation and equity in science. Test your understanding of these important themes in contemporary science policy.

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