US President Woodrow Wilson and the Fourteen Points Speech
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Questions and Answers

According to the realist perspective, which of the following statements best describes the motivations behind foreign policy decisions?

  • States pursue foreign policies based primarily on moral considerations and universal ethical principles.
  • States prioritize building international institutions and agreements to maintain a stable balance of power.
  • States aim to foster cooperation and mutual understanding among nations, even at the expense of their national interests.
  • States act solely to maximize their national interests and accumulate power, regardless of moral considerations. (correct)

    • What is the primary difference between the behaviouralists and the traditional analytical-approach theorists?

  • The emphasis on hypothesis testing and data accumulation.
  • The role of values in analysis and the objectivity of the researcher. (correct)
  • The belief in the possibility of cooperation among self-interested states.
  • The focus on the structure of the international system and the capabilities of states.

    • Which school of thought rejects the scientific approach to international relations and emphasizes the role of shared ideas and values in shaping relations among states?

  • The behaviouralist school
  • The realist school
  • The English school (correct)
  • The neoliberal school

    • How does neoliberalism differ from neorealism in its approach to the security dilemma?

    <p>Neoliberalism offers a partial solution to the security dilemma through international institutions and agreements, while neorealism does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Waltz's book 'Theory of International Relations' was published in 1979.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Morgenthau, basing foreign policy on moral considerations is considered responsible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neorealism emphasizes understanding international relations through the structure and power relations within the international system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English school advocates for removing values from analysis when studying international relations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neoliberalism believes that international institutions and agreements can help overcome the security dilemma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why sociology studies the economy?

    <p>To explore the relationship between economic power and human experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the key processes involved in the economy according to the text?

    <p>Production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sociology differ from economics in its approach to studying the economy?

    <p>Sociology explores human experience, while economics focuses on competitive markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of economic systems does sociology primarily focus on according to the text?

    <p>Analyzing economic power and its consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept reflects an institutionalized system for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services?

    <p>Economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of capitalism according to the passage?

    <p>Pursuit of personal profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage describe the relationship between capitalism and the free market?

    <p>Capitalism is built on the principles of free market competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the key difference between socialism and state socialism?

    <p>State socialism involves government control of the economy, while socialism involves worker control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of welfare programs in a welfare state, as described in the passage?

    <p>To provide a safety net and support for citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key technological advancement that enabled the Industrial Revolution, according to the passage?

    <p>The patenting of the modern steam engine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What social effect of the Industrial Revolution did the passage say was unanticipated?

    <p>The social effects that no one could have anticipated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the key characteristic of the large-scale organization that followed the development of the steam engine?

    <p>It enabled far greater volume of production at a lower cost per unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction made in the passage between cooperatives like Mondragon and state socialism?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize the relationship between capitalism and regulation in a welfare state?

    <p>Capitalism is controlled and regulated in a welfare state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary consequence of the shift from subsistence production to large-scale production during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key factor that drove the growth of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The availability of factory jobs that drew people to urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the division of labor during the Industrial Revolution impact the development of individual skills?

    <p>It resulted in the deskilling of workers as they focused on narrow, repetitive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary ideological principle underlying the economic changes during the Industrial Revolution, as described in the text?

    <p>The belief in the free enterprise system and laissez-faire capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of the shift from subsistence production to large-scale production on the value of non-paid, domestic work during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>It decreased the value of domestic work as the focus shifted to earning wages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the need for precise time management and coordination during the Industrial Revolution impact the way people experienced and conceptualized time?

    <p>It resulted in a more rigid and structured understanding of time, with time measured down to the minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a key factor that stimulated the need for improved transportation during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the shift from subsistence production to large-scale production during the Industrial Revolution impact the relationship between producers and consumers?

    <p>It led to the development of more impersonal, market-based relationships between producers and consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of the shift from subsistence production to large-scale production on the size and structure of families during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>It resulted in the decline of the traditional family structure and the creation of smaller families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the division of labor during the Industrial Revolution impact the role and value of agricultural work and the traditional, family-based economic model?

    <p>It resulted in the declining importance of agricultural work and the traditional, family-based economic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate description of the 'free enterprise' system that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>A system that exploited workers through long hours, poor pay, and dangerous conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary way that Western countries were able to finance and drive the Industrial Revolution, according to the text?

    <p>By exploiting and taking resources from their colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures shows the most stark difference between industrialized and non-industrialized countries over the course of the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Annual income per capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between industrialized and non-industrialized countries during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>One of exploitation and unequal access to resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures of quality of life shows the most significant disparity between industrialized and non-industrialized countries?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did immigration play in the industrialization of Western countries, according to the text?

    <p>It provided a 'safety valve' for controlling the domestic population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following measures of industrialization and economic development shows the most consistent pattern of advantage for the same set of countries, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between the 'Protestant work ethic' and the accumulation of material wealth during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The Protestant work ethic was used to justify and legitimize the exploitation of workers for profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of the primary sector in the Canadian economy in 1870?

    <p>41%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector of the economy involves the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the earth?

    <p>Primary sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Steam engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector of the economy has grown significantly from 1870 to 2020 in Canada?

    <p>Tertiary sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of economy encompasses everything from necessities to luxury items?

    <p>Material economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which revolution allowed people to stay in place, begin bartering, and develop money systems?

    <p>Agricultural revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the post-industrial era in terms of dominant economic sectors?

    <p>Service sector dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a semi-presidential system, what unique challenge can arise between the president and prime minister during periods of cohabitation?

    <p>They may have differing political agendas due to their party affiliations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does executive power in a government context commonly refer to?

    <p>Administering and managing an organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gerrymandering in the context of electoral districts?

    <p>Manipulating boundaries to favor one political party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the legislative branch distinct in systems that separate powers like Canada and the United States?

    <p>It forms the government independent of the executive branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of the legislative branch?

    <p>Making laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gerrymandering influence electoral outcomes?

    <p>By favoring one political party over another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of parliamentary systems regarding the executive?

    <p>The executive forms the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The standoff between the House and Senate during President Trump's impeachment trial in 2020 exemplifies how divergent terms of office and party control can lead to political conflict.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a semi-presidential system where the president nominates the prime minister, both roles derive their mandate directly from the people despite the constitutionally greater powers of the president.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    France amended its constitution in 2000 to make the terms of the president and prime minister identical in order to promote harmony between the two roles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The legislative branch in democracies is solely responsible for shaping and passing legislation, without any influence from legal considerations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Judicial review can influence the legislative process in democracies, according to the passage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Taiwan, the terms of the president and prime minister were synchronized through a constitutional amendment in 2008.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three broad areas that the functions of parliaments can be divided into?

    <p>The functions of parliaments can be divided into three broad areas: representational, governmental, and procedural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the role of parliaments expand over time in Europe?

    <p>Initially, parliaments in Europe had a limited role, merely consulting with and approving the decisions of monarchs. However, over time they gained more authority as rulers began to consult them on issues like taxation and raising armies. This expansion of parliamentary power occurred as the European state grew in response to the needs of war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that determines the legitimacy of parliaments, according to the passage?

    <p>The legitimacy of parliaments hinges on their ability to represent the wider society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the governmental functions of legislatures include holding the government accountable?

    <p>The governmental functions of parliaments include holding the government accountable for its actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the procedural functions of legislatures, according to the passage?

    <p>The procedural functions of legislatures include ritualizing conflict and ensuring transparency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the primary argument made by NATO's critics?

    <p>NATO has become irrelevant due to the end of the Cold War and the lack of a major threat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of 'human security' differ from traditional notions of security?

    <p>It emphasizes the protection of individuals from non-military threats like environmental scarcity and human rights violations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty, as described in the passage?

    <p>Human rights are both secured and threatened by the sovereignty of states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is one of the arguments made by supporters of NATO?

    <p>NATO's new missions and inclusion of former Soviet allies give it continued relevance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the controversy surrounding the concept of 'human security'?

    <p>There is debate over whether the concept prioritizes the security of individuals or states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NATO has not taken on any new member states since the end of the Cold War.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NATO's critics argue that the organization is irrelevant due to the absence of the threat of war with China.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human security focuses on protecting individuals solely through their state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human rights are both secured and threatened by the sovereignty of states, according to the passage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The emergence of human security has not sparked controversy in security studies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the main argument made by critics of NATO after the end of the Cold War?

    <p>NATO's critics argue that with the threat of war with the Soviet Union gone, the organization is irrelevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize the concept of "human security"?

    <p>Human security entails the protection from threats that accompany aspects of non-territorial insecurity, such as environmental scarcity, mass migration, human rights violations, and genocide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main counterargument made by supporters of NATO after the Cold War, according to the passage?

    <p>Supporters counter that new threats such as terrorism, rogue states, and weapons of mass destruction - combined with the advantage of working with former Soviet allies - means that NATO continues to have an important role to play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize the relationship between human rights and state sovereignty?

    <p>As witnessed in the post 9/11 world, human rights are both secured - and threatened by - the sovereignty of states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a key change for NATO since the end of the Cold War, according to the passage?

    <p>NATO has undergone a reformation, taking on new member states, including some from the former Soviet bloc, as well as new missions in areas of the world that are not in the North Atlantic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason liberal economic thesis opposes state intervention?

    <p>It distorts competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of pure capitalism, why is the idea of minimum wage considered regressive?

    <p>It eliminates jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe competition in a pure capitalist system?

    <p>Regulates overproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In determining the value of commodities like shoes and violins, what role does scarcity play?

    <p>Drives up the cost if materials are scarce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text mention that freedom of competition is long gone in the context of modern capitalism?

    <p>Due to state intervention, subsidies, and protectionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does scarcity have on the cost of products in a capitalist system?

    <p>It drives up prices when a resource is rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does personal or sentimental association play in determining the value of commodities?

    <p>It adds subjective value to products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does competition regulate overproduction in a capitalist system?

    <p>By causing bankruptcies for overproducing companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the primary mechanism that Adam Smith believed would lead to affluence, democracy, and individual freedom?

    <p>The invisible hand of the free market and laissez-faire competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the logic of the liberal economic thesis outlined in the passage, how does competition regulate profits?

    <p>If profits are too high, more competitors will enter the market and drive prices down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a capitalist, according to the definition provided in the passage?

    <p>To use money to purchase commodities for resale and profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the logic of the liberal economic thesis, how does competition keep wages fair?

    <p>If wages are too low, workers will seek employment with other companies that pay more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of capital, according to the definition provided in the passage?

    <p>To generate more money through investment and profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the key characteristic of a commodity in a capitalist economic system?

    <p>It is offered in exchange for something else, such as money or other goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main factor that determined the price of products according to the passage?

    <p>The perceived market value and demand for the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, who typically benefited the most from the 'surplus value' generated in early capitalism?

    <p>The owners of the means of production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key consequence of the shift from subsistence production to large-scale production during the Industrial Revolution according to the passage?

    <p>Increased poverty and poor living conditions for workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize Marx's view of 'surplus value' generated under capitalism?

    <p>As an 'ultimate obscenity' due to the exploitation of workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of child labor during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution described in the passage?

    <p>Children's growth and health were permanently damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary driver of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution according to the passage?

    <p>Rural-to-urban migration of farmers seeking better economic opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize the relationship between capitalism and worker protections in the early stages of industrialization?

    <p>Capitalism was highly exploitative of workers with no protections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary economic shift described in the passage as occurring with the rise of capitalism?

    <p>A shift from use value to market value as the primary determinant of price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was a key criticism made by Marx of the surplus value generated under capitalism?

    <p>That it led to excessive profits for business owners at the expense of workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor that enabled the rapid industrialization and economic growth of Western countries during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The accumulation of capital through colonialism and trade surpluses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the primary reason for the rise of the welfare state alongside the democratization of corporate ownership?

    <p>To curb the exploitation of workers by corporations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument made by the passage regarding the relationship between industrialized and non-industrialized countries during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Industrialized countries exploited the cheap labor and raw materials of non-industrialized countries to maintain their profit margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the primary role of military spending in capitalist economies?

    <p>To promote technological innovation and maintain employment levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way in which the passage characterizes the impact of transnational corporations on the sovereignty of nation-states?

    <p>Transnational corporations have become a power unto themselves, often controlling the economies of smaller countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the primary ideological principle underlying the economic changes during the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Laissez-faire capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what was the primary impact of the rise of trade unions on the relationship between workers and employers?

    <p>It allowed workers to challenge the exploitative practices of employers through legal means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the effects of capitalism and consumerism mentioned in the text?

    <p>Creating a throwaway culture and society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main impact of planned obsolescence?

    <p>Leading to the disposal of goods before their time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the impact of overproduction and overconsumption on the environment?

    <p>Deeply and dangerously affecting the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of the shift from use value to fashion value as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Incentive for planned obsolescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text characterize the relationship between capitalism, consumerism, and identity?

    <p>Associating identity with material possessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which the global income and wealth inequality is described in the text?

    <p>The top 10% holds 52% of wealth while the bottom 50% holds 2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of capitalism and manufacturing mentioned in the text?

    <p>Necessitating advertising to create demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way has our general orientation to life been influenced by capitalism and consumerism, according to the text?

    <p>Creating a constant sense of dissatisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does planned obsolescence contribute to consumer behavior as discussed in the text?

    <p>Fueling a cycle of constant purchases and disposals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Iqbal Masih's primary contribution to the fight against child labor?

    <p>He helped free over 3000 Pakistani children from bonded labor in the carpet industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did Iqbal Masih first escape from bonded labor?

    <p>10 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical effects did bonded labor have on Iqbal Masih's body?

    <p>His hands became distorted, and his lungs were affected by carpet fiber dust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Iqbal Masih initially come into contact with the Bonded Labor Liberation Front?

    <p>He attended one of their rallies after escaping from bonded labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was remarkable about Iqbal Masih's advocacy efforts?

    <p>He was a skilled public speaker despite his young age and lack of formal education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Iqbal Masih's story highlighted in this unit?

    <p>To illustrate the impact of globalization on child labor practices in developing countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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