US Presidency Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What was the National Origins Immigration Act established by Herbert Hoover in 1929?

Used a percentage basis for immigration

Limited total immigration to 150,000 (correct)

Changed quotas based on the 1930 Census

Allowed unlimited immigration

What event is referred to as Black Tuesday?

Stock Market Crash on October 29, 1929

What is the Great Depression?

A worldwide economic depression starting with the collapse of the US stock market in 1929

What were Hoovervilles?

Shanty towns built by unemployed during the Depression Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Agriculture Marketing Act proposed by Hoover in 1929?

To help farmers maintain prices through loans and marketing cooperatives Signup and view all the answers

What was the Young Plan of 1929?

It renegotiated Germany's World War I reparation payments Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?

The highest import tax in American history Signup and view all the answers

What was the London Naval Treaty?

An agreement to regulate submarine warfare and limit naval shipbuilding Signup and view all the answers

When did Japan invade Manchuria?

September 1931 Signup and view all the answers

What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)?

An entity created in 1932 to provide emergency loans to banks and businesses Signup and view all the answers

What did the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1931 do?

Lowered mortgage rates and allowed farmers to refinance loans Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hoover Dam known for?

A major public-works project providing employment in the Southwest Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Bonus Army?

Group of WWI veterans marching to demand immediate cash bonuses Signup and view all the answers

What did the Hoover Stimson Doctrine state?

The U.S. would not recognize territorial acquisitions taken over by force Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 20th Amendment?

Changed presidential inauguration date to January 20th Signup and view all the answers

What was the First New Deal?

A series of programs aimed at Relief, Recovery, and Reform Signup and view all the answers

What was a bank holiday during the Great Depression?

Banks were closed from March 6 to March 10, 1933, to prevent runs Signup and view all the answers

What did the 21st Amendment accomplish?

Ended Prohibition by repealing the 18th Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What is the FDIC?

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation that insures bank accounts Signup and view all the answers

What was the CCC?

Civilian Conservation Corps providing work for young men Signup and view all the answers

What was the AAA?

Agricultural Adjustment Administration regulating farm production Signup and view all the answers

What did the NIRA do?

Allowed industries to create codes for production and wages Signup and view all the answers

What was the WPA?

Work Progress Administration that funded large work relief projects Signup and view all the answers

What does SEC stand for?

Securities and Exchange Commission Signup and view all the answers

What was the TVA?

Tennessee Valley Authority for flood control and economic development Signup and view all the answers

What was the CWA?

Civil Works Administration providing emergency work relief Signup and view all the answers

What was the Home Owners Loan Corporation?

Provided government loans to prevent foreclosures Signup and view all the answers

What was the Share the Wealth Society?

Created by Huey P. Long, aimed to limit wealth Signup and view all the answers

What was the Indian Reorganization Act?

Restored tribal ownership of lands and recognized tribal governments Signup and view all the answers

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

FDR's pledge to not intervene in Latin American affairs Signup and view all the answers

What was the Atlantic Charter?

Pledge signed in 1941 by FDR and Churchill Signup and view all the answers

What were the Four Freedoms declared by FDR?

Freedom of speech, worship, from want, and from fear Signup and view all the answers

What happened at Pearl Harbor?

U.S. military base attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941 Signup and view all the answers

What were internment camps?

Designated areas where Japanese Americans were sent during WWII Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of Midway?

A major U.S. naval victory over Japan in June 1942 Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Invasion of Sicily?

Allowed Allies to prepare invasion to take over Italy Signup and view all the answers

What occurred at the Casablanca Conference?

Allies demanded unconditional surrender of Axis powers Signup and view all the answers

What was discussed at the Teheran Conference?

Coordination of military efforts against Germany Signup and view all the answers

What does D-Day refer to?

Allied forces landing in Normandy on June 6, 1944 Signup and view all the answers

What was agreed upon at the Yalta Conference?

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin discussed post-war plans Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

Last major German offensive in the West during WWII Signup and view all the answers

What was the National War Labor Board's role?

Negotiated labor disputes to prevent strikes during WWII Signup and view all the answers

What was the Office War Information?

A propaganda organization shaping public opinion during WWII Signup and view all the answers

How did women contribute to World War II?

They filled urgent labor demands in various roles Signup and view all the answers

How were African Americans involved in World War II?

Served in segregated units and faced discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What was the Office of Price Administration?

Established price controls on essential items during WWII Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

National Origins Immigration Act

Enacted in 1929 under Herbert Hoover, it limited total immigration to 150,000 per year.
Admissions were based on a country’s representation in the U.S. population as of the 1920 Census.

Black Tuesday

Occurred on October 29, 1929.
Marked the stock market crash that signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.

Great Depression

Began with the 1929 stock market collapse, leading to a global economic downturn.
Economic instability was worsened by heavy borrowing from the U.S. during WWI.
Resulted in unemployment and countries raising tariffs to protect domestic industries.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns constructed by the unemployed during the early years of the Great Depression.
Named “Hoovervilles” to symbolize blame towards President Hoover for the economic crisis.

Agriculture Marketing Act

Proposed by Hoover in 1929 to assist farmers by maintaining agricultural prices.
Established a federally sponsored Farm Board to implement loans and manage surpluses.

Young Plan

Introduced in 1929 to renegotiate Germany’s WWI reparations payments.
Reduced Germany’s payment obligations to 121 billion Reichsmarks, payable in 59 annuities.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Instituted the highest import tax in U.S. history to preserve American jobs.
Resulted in retaliatory tariffs from Europe, aggravating the economic downturn.

London Naval Treaty

Signed on April 22, 1930, by major naval powers including the U.S., to regulate submarine warfare.
Limited naval shipbuilding to enhance international peace and security.

Japan Invades Manchuria

September 1931 invasion sparked by Japan’s interest in Manchuria's rich resources.
Failure of the Lytton Commission due to delays allowed Japan to establish dominance unchallenged.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Established in 1932 to provide loans to banks, railroads, and insurance companies.
Aimed to facilitate economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Federal Home Loan Bank Act

Enacted in 1931, it lowered mortgage rates to help homeowners and prevent foreclosures.

Hoover Dam

A significant public works project that created jobs while providing necessary infrastructure in the Southwest.

Bonus Army

Comprised of WWI veterans who marched to Washington D.C. in 1932 demanding immediate cash bonuses.

Hoover Stimson Doctrine

Declared U.S. non-recognition of territorial acquisitions obtained through force, particularly regarding Japan’s actions in Manchuria.

20th Amendment

Modified the presidential inauguration date from March 4th to January 20th.
Also changed the commencement date for Congress to January 3rd.

First New Deal

Aimed at providing "Relief, Recovery, and Reform" to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression.

Bank Holiday

Implemented by Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1933 to stabilize the banking system by temporarily closing banks.

21st Amendment

Repealed Prohibition by terminating the 18th Amendment, allowing the sale of alcoholic beverages.

FDIC

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insures deposits in national banks and affiliated institutions.

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

Provided employment for young men aged 18-25 in conservation projects, flood control, and resource management.

AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)

Managed agricultural production via farm subsidies but was deemed unconstitutional in 1936.

NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act)

Allowed industries to create codes regulating production, wages, and working conditions, aiming to stabilize the economy.

WPA (Work Progress Administration)

A vast relief program that funded diverse projects, including construction and arts, disbanded during WWII.

SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)

Established to enforce securities laws and regulate the stock market, ensuring transparency and fairness.

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

Created in 1933 to enhance navigation, flood control, and electricity generation in the Tennessee Valley region.

CWA (Civil Works Administration)

An emergency program in 1933 providing jobs to over four million people in various public works projects.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Provided government loans to help homeowners avoid foreclosure during the Great Depression.

Founded by Huey P. Long with the objective of redistributing wealth to provide cash grants to struggling families.

Indian Reorganization Act

Passed in 1934, it restored tribal ownership of land, acknowledged tribal governments, and stimulated economic development.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s approach aimed at non-intervention in Latin American countries, shifting from earlier aggressive policies.

Atlantic Charter

Allied declaration signed in 1941 by FDR and Churchill, promoting peace and non-acquisition of territory following WWII.

Four Freedoms

FDR's four essential freedoms articulated as: speech and expression, worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Pearl Harbor

The Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, which led to U.S. entry into WWII.

Internment Camps

Established for Japanese Americans during WWII due to fears of espionage following the Pearl Harbor attack.

Battle of Midway

A decisive U.S. victory in June 1942 that significantly weakened the Japanese naval fleet, marking a turning point in the war.

Invasion of Sicily

Launched in July 1943, leading to Allied control over Italy and the subsequent overthrow of Mussolini.

Casablanca Conference

A 1943 meeting where Allies agreed on unconditional surrender of Axis powers and planned the invasion of Italy.

Tehran Conference

The 1943 meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin focused on coordinating military efforts against Nazi Germany.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, initiating a major offensive against German forces in Europe.

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting in which Allied leaders discussed post-war reorganization, including Soviet entry into the war against Japan.

Battle of the Bulge

The last significant German offensive in the West during WWII, occurring in December 1944 against Allied forces.

National War Labor Board

Established to negotiate labor disputes and ensure workers' rights while preventing strikes during wartime.

Office of War Information

U.S. government agency that utilized art and media to shape public opinion and manage propaganda during WWII.

Women in World War II

Significant female workforce participation in various roles, including manufacturing, driving, and policing, was necessary during the war.

African Americans in World War II

Over a million African Americans served in segregated units and migrated north for wartime industrial jobs.

Office of Price Administration

Implemented price controls on essential goods during WWII to prevent inflation and stabilize the economy.

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Test your knowledge on key events and legislation during the presidency, including the National Origins Immigration Act and Black Tuesday. These flashcards cover significant occurrences that shaped the United States in the late 1920s. Perfect for students of American history!