U.S. Political System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of the two-party system in U.S. politics?

  • Enhanced political stability by limiting extremist views.
  • Greater government efficiency through streamlined decision-making.
  • Reduced representation of diverse viewpoints and political ideologies. (correct)
  • Increased voter turnout due to a wider range of choices.

Which of the following is NOT a constraint on the arbitrary exercise of power in the U.S. political system?

  • Checks and balances
  • Independent courts
  • Free press
  • Political partisanship (correct)

What is a key concern associated with the influence of money in U.S. politics?

  • It strengthens the power of the government by providing ample resources for public services.
  • It ensures equal opportunities for all candidates regardless of their wealth.
  • It encourages transparency and accountability in campaign financing.
  • It undermines the democratic principles of equal representation and fair elections. (correct)

What critical aspect of U.S. democracy faces ongoing challenges due to misinformation, social media, and political polarization?

<p>Civil liberties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the media contribute to shaping political discourse in the U.S.?

<p>By influencing public opinion through reporting and analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of media concentration in the U.S.?

<p>It can lead to limitations in perspectives and compromise the media's watchdog role. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of the U.S. political system that aims to ensure transparency and accountability in governance?

<p>The rule of law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of the U.S.'s high military expenditure?

<p>It diverts resources from domestic priorities, such as education and healthcare. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major challenge posed by consumerism?

<p>Environmental degradation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'work and spend treadmill'?

<p>A cycle of earning and consuming more without gaining satisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does consumerism impact social comparison?

<p>It leads to anxiety and dissatisfaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do capitalist economies typically employ to drive profits?

<p>Incentivizing increased consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one risk associated with credit card usage?

<p>Debt accumulation due to impulsive spending (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do advertising strategies play in shaping consumption patterns?

<p>They reinforce societal values and consumption norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'nag factor' in children regarding advertising?

<p>Children encourage parents to purchase desired items (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of increased productivity in capitalist economies?

<p>Intensified work demands instead of more free time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does economic activity relate to intimate relationships according to common perceptions?

<p>Economic activity can mingle with intimacy without corruption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in determining the compensation for victims of loss of life?

<p>The economic status of the victim. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Moral Justice Ledger' primarily assess in wrongful death cases?

<p>Emotional damages and loss of companionship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT categorized as a form of economic interaction associated with intimacy?

<p>Emotional support between friends. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical concerns challenge the economic valuation of human lives?

<p>The importance of human dignity and moral justice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often overlooked in cost-benefit analyses related to war?

<p>Emotional and psychological costs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a nonpecuniary form of economic interaction?

<p>A sentimental gift. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is fairness in valuing human lives typically determined?

<p>Based on legal frameworks and economic policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of the U.S. healthcare system related to the competition between providers?

<p>It encourages providers to focus on expensive procedures, leading to higher costs for common ailments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why direct private payment for healthcare is often unaffordable in the United States?

<p>Inefficient insurance claims processing and administrative overhead. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of the 'supply creates demand' dynamic in healthcare?

<p>It can lead to the development of unnecessary treatments and services. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary source of healthcare insurance for Americans?

<p>Direct private payment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of direct government-provided healthcare in the United States?

<p>The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential argument against universal healthcare, as presented in the text?

<p>Universal healthcare might result in longer wait times for non-urgent procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Medicare and Medicaid legislation of 1965 impact the U.S. healthcare system?

<p>It provided federal healthcare insurance for seniors and low-income individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary argument in defense of the current U.S. healthcare system?

<p>The limited government involvement in healthcare delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'value severed from market ties' in the context of children?

<p>Children are seen as having emotional worth that is separate from their economic value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of Baby M, what was the primary ethical dilemma faced by the surrogate mother?

<p>She felt resentment for being compensated for losing parental rights. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe children created specifically for organ harvesting to assist siblings?

<p>Saviour siblings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'egg money' refer to in the context of the social meaning of money?

<p>Funds that are allocated for women's personal spending, typically controlled by husbands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of 'mental accounting' relevant to the social meaning of money?

<p>It signifies how people categorize and manage their financial resources mentally. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the term 'baby farming' in the context discussed?

<p>Exploiting children for financial gain or as commodities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential repercussions faced by saviour siblings according to the information provided?

<p>They have to maintain strict health conditions to provide for their siblings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ramsey case, how were children perceived by certain social classes?

<p>As consumable goods benefiting the parents' status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Fair play' principle of inequality argues that:

<p>Inequalities are acceptable if the rules of the game are fair, even if some people are disadvantaged. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defense presented in the text for unjust inequality?

<p>Inequalities can lead to a stronger sense of community and social solidarity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'opportunity-hoarding' approach to class, as described by Max Weber, emphasizes:

<p>The creation of barriers that restrict access to desirable jobs and opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central argument for the claim that inequality can benefit the poor?

<p>It motivates individuals to work harder and contribute to society, resulting in increased productivity and economic growth, which indirectly benefits the poor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social structural cause of inequality and poverty in America, according to the text?

<p>A decline in the importance of traditional family structures and values. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the 'blame the victim' approach to poverty often relies on:

<p>The assumption that poverty is primarily a result of personal failings and lack of effort. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is NOT used in the text to illustrate the 'blame the victim' argument?

<p>The Hershey candy bar experiment, which demonstrates how environmental factors can influence individual behavior and success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key mechanism that contributes to the creation of a middle class in contrast to the broader working class?

<p>The creation of barriers, like educational credentials and licensing, that limit access to desirable jobs and opportunities, creating a middle class that benefits from this exclusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Supply Creates Demand

Technological advancements can lead to increased healthcare services demand, even when unnecessary.

Competition Waste

Competing healthcare providers often duplicate services, leading to inefficiencies and increased costs.

Direct Private Payment

Individuals sometimes pay out-of-pocket for healthcare due to high service costs in the U.S.

Employer-Provided Insurance

Most U.S. citizens receive health insurance through employers, often managed by HMOs.

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Government-Provided Insurance

Programs like Medicare and Medicaid ensure healthcare access for seniors and low-income groups, funded by taxes.

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Direct Government Healthcare

The VA provides direct healthcare services for military veterans, a fully government-run system.

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Moral Hazard

Patients may overuse medical services when costs are covered by insurance, increasing overall expenses.

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Long Waiting Times

Critics argue universal healthcare can result in long waits for non-urgent procedures.

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Fair play

Injustice is acceptable if competition rules are fair for all.

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Fair share

Everyone deserves sufficient resources for a dignified life.

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Incentive argument

Inequality motivates hard work, benefiting all economically.

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Class as opportunity-hoarding

Middle class creates barriers limiting access to jobs.

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Exploitation and domination

Capitalist class division: conflict between owners and workers.

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Marginalization

Inadequate job creation leads to societal exclusion.

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Deficits in education

Educational shortcomings among the poor contribute to inequality.

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Social structural causes

Underlying societal structures create and perpetuate poverty.

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Democratic principles

Core values supporting citizen participation, rights, and freedoms in governance.

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Rule of law

Principle that everyone is subject to the law, ensuring transparency and accountability.

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Checks and balances

Systems in place to prevent abuse of power by dividing responsibilities among branches.

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Two-party system

Political system dominated by two major parties, often marginalizing smaller parties.

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Federalism

Sharing of power between national and state governments, allowing localized governance.

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Grassroots activism

Citizen-led movements driving change from the bottom up, such as civil rights efforts.

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Media concentration

Ownership of multiple media outlets by a few corporations, affecting information diversity.

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Military spending

The U.S. has the highest military expenditure globally, impacting resource allocation.

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Sustainability Concerns

Consumerism causes environmental degradation and resource depletion.

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Work and Spend Treadmill

Cycle of earning more to spend on more, reducing leisure time.

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Competitive Consumption

Buying to compare with others, leading to anxiety and dissatisfaction.

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Consumption Bias

Capitalism promotes consumption to drive profits, often harming sustainability.

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Advertising Influence

Marketing shapes societal values and consumption norms.

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Nag Factor

Children pressing parents to buy products seen in advertisements.

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Credit Cards

Enable instant purchases, often creating debt and financial burdens.

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Impulse Spending

Buying goods on impulse, often encouraged by advertisements.

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Value Severed from Market Ties

Children are seen as emotionally valuable rather than economically valuable, with no cash nexus.

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Baby M Case

A legal battle in the 1980s over a surrogate child, highlighting issues of ownership and emotional connection.

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Saviour Siblings

Children born to provide organs for ill siblings, raising ethical concerns about their treatment and purpose.

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Concept of Money in Society

Distinguishing between market money and special money, with the latter symbolizing emotions such as love and sympathy.

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Egg Money

Financial allowance given to housewives by husbands, symbolizing control and limited autonomy.

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Baby Farming

The practice of financially exploiting children, treating them as commodities for the benefit of adults.

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Emotional Pricing of Children

Children viewed as priceless emotionally, despite having no market value, highlighting societal contradictions.

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Mental Accounting

The psychological concept of categorizing money differently based on its source or intended use.

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Bribe vs Donation

A bribe is disguised as a donation through different naming conventions.

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Intimacy and Economic Activity

Intimate relationships and economic activities often intertwine without necessarily corrupting each other.

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Value of Human Lives

Compensation for lives lost varies based on factors like economic status and profession.

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Double Standards in Compensation

Higher payouts are often given to high-income professionals than to low-income individuals for loss of life.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

Calculates a person’s economic value based on past and future contributions.

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The Moral Justice Ledger

A method to assess non-economic damages in wrongful death cases, emphasizing emotional loss.

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Economic Cost of War

Includes military spending and loss of lives, along with emotional costs.

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Fairness in Life Valuation

Determined by legal frameworks and societal values, leading to compensation discrepancies.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • Study notes cover various topics including technology, economy, economic inequality, political institutions, militarism and world domination, and the relationship between media and politics.

Technology

  • Post-industrial society transitioning from manufacturing to services, information, and technology.
  • Technology influences healthcare, education, and communication.
  • Automation, AI, and digital tools impact human time.
  • Technology impacts rural and urban areas differently.

Economy

  • Capitalist economy emphasizing free markets, private ownership, and competition.
  • Wealth concentration among private individuals and corporations.
  • Issues in the labor market such as job insecurity and low wages.
  • Historical context of slavery impacting current economic realities.
  • Global trade and investment shaping the economy.

Economic Inequality

  • Poverty a persistent issue despite wealth in the U.S.
  • Wealth disparities contributing to inequality.
  • Labor market issues contributing to disparities.
  • Historical factors influencing current inequalities.

Political Institutions

  • Liberal democracy, stressing citizen participation, and rights.
  • Debate on voting rights and systemic issues.
  • Rule of law with constraints on arbitrary power.
  • Political party fragmentation and federalism impacting policymaking..
  • Influence of money on political campaigns and lobbying.

Militarism and World Domination

  • High military spending.
  • Military production affecting the economy.
  • Role of the US as a global superpower.
  • Global ethical concerns surrounding continued military spending.

Media and Politics

  • Media influence on public discourse.
  • Concentration of media ownership impacting the diversity of viewpoints
  • Media bias, and misinformation concerns noted.

Healthcare

  • Ethical concerns in healthcare distribution.
  • Information costs (doctors, treatments).
  • Market for health care vs. market for treatment
  • Competition driving over-investment and waste.

Healthcare History

  • Medicare and Medicaid legislation
  • COBRA, HIPAA,and SCHIP Acts
  • Affordable Care Act.
  • Criteria for evaluating healthcare.

Fairness and Inequality

  • Fair play vs. fair shares.
  • Inequality concerning fairness and deserved portions of resources.
  • Defenses of unjust inequality: conflicting values, education, and freedom.
  • Inequalities affecting children disproportionately.
  • Class structures' critique and analysis.

Environmentalism

  • Air and water quality, depletion of natural resources, toxic waste, conservation and biodiversity.
  • Negative externalities
  • Collective action failures
  • Recycling industry
  • Governmental and corporate responses to environmental issues.

Capitalist Market

  • Capitalism relationship and the non-capitalist economies
  • Feudalism, slavery

Consumerism

  • Consumerism's connections to wellbeing and happiness.
  • Advertising, consumer culture.
  • Relationship between consumerism and societal issues.

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