US-Mexico Border: Smuggling, People, and Border Patrol

Calixto Torres: People who carry documents to cross into El Paso (east side)

• People come from south (jefe side)
• Walls, though costly, are often ineffective

Border Field State

• Border Field State works with US side, Santiago Cliente-Tijuana (night)
• Friendship circle: part of binational garden
• Occupancy decreased to 10 in 2016
• It has been proposed on the Flores de Camargo
• Border Patrol has to shock people
• The teeter-totter was cruel: Shows direct connection of interaction on both sides
• The birthright lottery determines how to love where you live
• Cuer and tunnels discovered under the border
• El Chapo innovated tunnel creation

Drug Smuggling

• Stretches 70 ft beneath foothills
• Fields used to smuggle drugs to Son Braga, Tijuana, Mexico
• Drugs can remain in US, so they get back to Mexico City

The Border Patrol: What it's about?

• "Regime change": from the 1960s "barrera"
• Needs "control" and "height"
• Get out of "inhospitable" and "impossible" environments between the metal barriers
• Year 2021: Encampment: "Operation Warp Speed" creates a new kind of border violence

Southwest Freedom

• Pushing caravans into Mexico and working to control it
• Assistance from the UN is adding onto America's lab or shortages
• Tourist passengers: Border Patrol is heavy and clear to analyze

Mistranslation

• Converts use of a term Delivered at the El Paso crossing
• 1958: Men and women/children separated and placed in thin checked bests
• The chemical nitrogen was deadly to humans
• Communication is sterile and was seen in each camp: Wears feren
• Foremen escorted men to every Chalisa Torres, age 17, when she went to work
• Saw same photograph, she refused to take off clothing and saw old women guarded
• Both sides differ, both want determination

Illegality

• Mexicans ppl carried, holding other objects
• Illegalization = irregular crossings

Scenes for upcoming venues

• Violence in the border and dehumanization in 2021
• Sun 200 men see herd; agents used epi naming children's camp under
• Saw the Bus live border in El Paso
• Barbed wire fence above the pager's sisting
• On the other pages to was into lado, PPS white desk

Uruguay

• Too large to be independent; was conquered by Brazil, later to be independent supported by Argentinians
• Created as a buffer state

Panama

• A complete annotation existed but was not big enough to have power

1903

• Build a connection between coasts
• US wanted to buy it, but the corporation declined, then US mounted a punch ppl created Panama Canal
• Nation borders real, may not be necessary. Are they natural?
• Pre historical but in no way "permanent"; only existed for 500 years or maybe in the east 500 years from now

The Mexican-U.S. Border and Historical Contexts

• A border that has a history of violence that happens to this day.
• Positive and negative efforts
• International border in the world with the biggest wealth disparities
• Separation of northern and Latin Americas creating different groups
• Not just a border between two countries, but between two people

1821

• Huge population of new Spain independent: Texas and Cali were medicos
• Border changed from Nuces of ReGrande
• Resulted from slavery expansion to the southwest
• Changed the slave economy
• Switches from a plantation to cotton farm
• Marches entrained pool to the South
• Taly's term immigrants back the settlers

President Polk

• Sent US troops to "invade" Mexico.
• Then told Congress the US troops were stopped

1846-1848: Mexican American War

• Only way US won was because Mexico couldn't feed its soldiers
• Ended with US having Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848

July 1811

• Hidalgo captured and shot
• Declares independence

June 24, 1821 :

• Simón Bolívar declares Independence for Venezuela
• Napoleon bringing portables of Spain down and gives news to the Americas

1824:

• Spanish America become cant rent of republics within the creation of new nations
• Mexico- Central America (loser)
• Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, & Ecuador after 1830)
• Peru
• Chile
• The United Provinces of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica)
• The United Provinces of Nicaragua (greater 1495)
• Rio de la Plata (Argentinian)
• Only Cuba & Puerto Rico remained loyal to Spanish and remained colonies
• Santo Domingo was under Haiti's control

Spanish America

• The imperial stake would not stand
• There would be political independence in it, but not social revolution
• Troops were sent to the Americas
• Ensured privialge to anco
• Social revolution yperlined standing
• Colonial society on new moepondant states

19th Century America

• The start of new political nation states from Spanish had colonial society perserved, but the mapping of it in new prelegent states.
• Greats wanted to maintain priilage ion society
• Balton in still innolas. "Last day of appassion, frist day of same."

US and Latin America

US president James Monroe nerozed between 1811-1825

• The Monroe Doctrine was a result of there new catarbuch republics
• Spanish power could no longer control the Americas
• European rule over America became unsustainable
• America was now a country of trade

US Relationship with Latin America

• Independent Spanish American continents was a compliment that continued

Spanish vs American Independence and Societal Evolution

• The independence of Spanish America was a new borbus, Nail States, New People
• The independence of what and for whom?

Octavio Paz

• The suness of the now speriets anterian states adapte
• Nolity, they were decadent or static societies (not creased bab) fragrants
• 18th century Spanish America
• 4 vige napalities broken up to provincias
• At the age of dependence in vain America is from 1800-1860 sans of the country

Independence in America

• British Recognize US
• United States is the first recognizing is independent states armanit.
• First to break away from its
• Argument that the other was more influential

French Revolution

• Created the correct of national citizens
• France 1789
• Storming the Bastille, 1789
• Document The declaration of the Right of Man and she citiion.
• This document founded that costitation: Bill of Rights
• Revolt of Endarted Africans: the rope french citizen then have night

Saint Comingu

• Embargo coming preventing them to spread news de ang ping
• Time of reovote, Haition was the richest pression cantory due to siger
• Stack still owes money to France
• Reason why Haiti is yoor today
• Nouplean starts the Peninsuler, takes over Spain, Nup kept them captive infimace
• War Iberia 1808
• Spanish doesn't have onen
• Have to decide who is king their king

Hidalgo, Miguel

• Rang the bell of the churchs triggened the people to rebellion
• Guato de Dolores New Spain

Sept 16, 1811 and 1810

• Began to attach you, from different background's all Spaniard was far out
• 6 manian politin new spain Creals (spawn
• 1800/6 hull ppl >15,000 Se

Historical Racial Classification

-Third boundaries

• Revealed record system of criminal boundaries b/w races

Transcendance

-In la 2 Comin

• Mexican Revolution: el pueblo ("the people")
• United States Limited; fataro mestiza? ("The multicultural punt")

Defining Terms: Hispanic vs Latino

• Hispanic: term created by the US
• Spanish language
• Latino/ Latina: term created to be more inclusive
• Latin-nes: pronounced Latino
• Latin, Latinx and Latine- Now neuter terms
• spanish people are people lot any gendered from the country spanish

Locations

• North & Central America: Ottawa, Canada; Washington D.C, United States; Havana, Cuba; Past-au-Prince, Halli; Santo Domingo, Dominican, Republic.; Kingston, Jamaica; Mexico City, Mexico; Greatemala City, Guatemala; Belmapan, Belize; San Salundar, El Salvador; Tegucigalpa, Honduras; Managua, Nicaraques; San Jose, Casta Rica; Panama, Panama;
• South America: Couracas, Venezuela; Pragata, Columbia; Quito, Ecaudar; Lima, feru; La Paz, Bolivia; Asuncion, Paraguay; Santiago, chove; Buenos Aires, Agentina ; Morite Video, Uruguay; Georgetown, Guyana; Paramaribo, Suriname; Cayenne, French Guiang

The Dominican Republic

• The Dominican Republic as a Mulatte Nation on offical cards they carry with it dost
• The concept whereas as a meant ategory & identity
• Stueng was not ban racias rather, racam was the conseglares vestway
• Binetness & Black identity as adistincts, soccolatrantly diferentiated
• Segment tin the pasyilattion is very complexted throughout Lates

Social Hierarchy and Racism across Latin America

-Brazil as a "Raceston Poorney"

• Last anstry to and savery in the emersons.
• Peter to therisateurs as white if was not binek. More than haffe afrim devant
• Brazilian made to the worst kind of racim
• The dominecan republice της Maut withe Nattes"
• Brazili a "Kasial Demncarice."
• BLM comes to LA (Latin American)
• the concept of Mastizajie
• The looting of peoptas, bin logically & cutterently, into a new herm
• Question of whe is the polite in Ameticna charge

Race and Identity

• Colorant parted: la manchas (the stain")
• Duentive the percentage greute
• Movement for independences
• The transcadance's La Reza
• Trasigandental mision The mission of fusing all people's collisgitspintally
• The magny of the races is "osmic nace."
• The trenscondence, the wealogies of Mestizaje: 1. that latin America
• Identity is by historiad & widesprend practices of cutirat & biological mantre
• 2. that the mixing that began in shone of coloned aras velasted in themany of all

Identity Formation

• Eligibility of colonial Stain Flan
• -The word of the day is complex: the borer offer identity
• More than one mice is the fastest growing.
• Consupt of tristrematy
• 8.. Sy of Ho temi papulentrus, de magnity witng the king necesse
• Aragh the Andes
• Affuring rain feast
• Mouth india are indos descents and stritify as

Identity Indelible

• Race in America is indelible (permante)
• One dassity always.
• Latin America is cultural

Spanish Terminology for Race

• The Spanish called castas the racial
• The concept of rove makes from ancestry to culture, skirting & phsical
• the concept of Mestizaje - or, who are "the people"? - becomes compiess- the concept whiteness as a maial category is identities did'nt enst- till the thecentery- pardoned without indios
• Enslaved Africans need to bagatise, slavery was not born of racism, rather, mars the consequence of stuay fact

Race and the Military

• 1942: Us solders many me Black in command of white officers Waz
• Blacks dont mix with white
• Red cross artiod blood of black
• Dnes internet of plasma and blood type is blaon
• Blackness and Black Identity as a disrinst, sociologically diffenriatred segment
• Latin America

Social Engineering

• Aferns τη Amenica: The first enslaried Africans more deeply ensaredd im Armenica.
• Constant palve they were sent throughs contul Arreia

Transatlantic Slave trade

• West Acting wave bought often sold on the soil
• Regean in Hispaninia by 1508 By 1518 increaning for the dareath toasptr
• Legacy on Bartolomé de las Casas El Reindios (Remedy.
• Wanted to saw they the continies were hantedTradens he wanted to replace the indios with blacks or other shield
• Between 1814 and 1600, the onset of the 20 year area spareparlastic serve institutim, same 250,000 eromed Flanners were forced to disepatan in sopolis laocerm mon land colonies.

Colonial Populations and Ancestry

• Rack is Collineted Armenia: Europeans
• Brensusanes are Sprinands born in Iberry and regrafting to the America

Cultural Mixing

• Gralls (eresles) are European parents but bors in Armuenza
• Mestizos: A Berapan Patterson holgenen mate
• Spanish Mastin was based in ancestry rather this phsical appeacians

Latin American Class Systems

• Castas are eubgenisinst mappring ancestory tree
• 1646:a men to every eupropean women
• Madato, two different spieses

Colonial Racial Classifications

• Mestize European and inner, indio mothen
• Castaice-offspring of a European
• Criollo Emop father and Grap materal but bors in America or mop father

Social engineering

• One
• The string came one to clemfry all together called Chines
• Concept of Mestizaje - the ppl became complex
• "Nace Lady" anmiter

Race and Colonialism in Latin America

• Of all the people in conquest of America, only the Spanish were considered

Subordinate Racism

• A powerful Spanish raster steind we into paquet, whom the Spanish pegarded wither exaspeentiet is conternptons as an undiffererented infernon matoff people
• Indians Condios
• Becane the ranial category by which the spanion Lumiped all various indigenaias ethnid linguasic graps they encountered in Arena- there was no word for "Indians"
• in any Spanish languages.

Spanish Perceptions vs Reality of Indigenous Populations

• But spanigh had to view indigenous as humans with souls
• Saw Indians as children to be lead to European custom
• Colonial America indies were suborned

Indigenous and Colonial Interaction

• (The indigenes When Columbian arrived on Hispania are parhans
• 60 million people living lands that Europeans would call hume
• After the fourding on New Spain reatio of spanish vs indigenous was 1 to 5,000
• Sub andrinatis in the hands of indies, forced: Loss of communal land through the payment of tribute tax to the crown
• forced to consentation

The Interaction between there blur that send be an commis"

• Development: piece levels of wealth/ party of redione kwels of
• Henanhbusit time of Winnel Band

Variable in Colonized Societies

• Pre colarial lever-Level of wealth
• Level of dimintations-Bolivia in example.

The Spanish language

• The Spanish & Portuguese in America 1750
• Viceroyalty of New Spain
• Viceroyalty of Peru
• Viceroyalty of New Granada -Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
• Viceroyalty of Brazil

Phase 1 Spanish Colonization: Mercantilism (1492-1700)

• Highly controlled by the crown
• Based on who you are
• Variable 2 = Indigenous development level
• Higher Institutionally Complex Geudomal Societies
• Lower in the I.C.P.S.Single ethunasty language resuide relations, de contralized and not bureaucratre porticent institution
• Higher Institutionally Complex Pre colonial Societies Mexican, tenochtitlan by dagopriya

Spanish Conquest

• Cortez, Trental Trek for more than youths. 20 yous al coltos Anst,
• the Mane appointed of Bod more empires and colonicas
• Inca pointial to tred

Key Legacies of the Conquest

-1. Inequality Extracted sachery weith very ridged of wealth & opportunity. Not allowed upwards some mobility.

• 2. Inequality Tremendices meutdistulution of land- Jestnibuting sand to more ppl actual
• 3. Inequility of complex "acenbad" lend based on conples race lethaivery
• Inequality - not within socisty is between them.

Spanish America

-Asurian gold

• -Allowed Europe aspiind its commerce with Asia
• -Ascribed traits" had nothing to do with when Unked barn.
• "Stratifiercation based gets pregnant at degree
• -The birth of cupid station happent in Holland in Mth centiany
• *Gold al silver enabled the Industrial Rev m 1515. cengland
• *These ponts dont happen the axporision slavery af wealth in 05.

Geography, Ethnicities and Power Dynamics in the Caribbean and Latin America

• Spanish speaking Caribbean Islands and Dominicans

Countries With Spanish influence

• Venezuela and Grenachey ne=volved conomy