U.S. Labor History and Social Reforms

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Questions and Answers

What ideology argued that social reforms for the poor were unnecessary because they were unfit to survive?

Socialism

Social Darwinism (correct)

Utilitarianism

Collectivism

Which of the following inventions is NOT attributed to Thomas Alva Edison?

Electricity

Typewriter (correct)

Light bulb

Printing Press

What was the primary purpose of labor unions in the context of worker rights?

To lobby against government regulations

To facilitate management's control over workers

To protect the welfare and rights of workers through collective efforts (correct)

To promote individual bargaining

What major tactic can workers use to force employers to meet their demands?

Boycott Signup and view all the answers

What were common working conditions in factories during the industrial period?

Long hours with low pay and unsafe conditions Signup and view all the answers

What term describes discussions held between workers and employers regarding work conditions?

Collective Bargaining Signup and view all the answers

Which union began with a focus on organizing all workers regardless of their trade?

Knights of Labor Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great Strike of 1877 primarily about?

Wages cuts in railroad companies Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted the federal government to intervene with troops in 1894?

The Pullman Strike Signup and view all the answers

Which legislation aimed to regulate railroad companies and protect the public from unfair practices?

Interstate Commerce Act Signup and view all the answers

What was one major consequence of the Pullman Strike for labor unions?

Decreased union membership due to legal limitations Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act enacted in 1892?

To limit Chinese immigration, except for certain groups Signup and view all the answers

Which movement sought to help immigrants assimilate into American society?

Americanization Movement Signup and view all the answers

What agreement was reached to resolve tensions regarding Japanese immigration to the U.S. in 1908?

Gentlemen’s Agreement Signup and view all the answers

What was one key belief of the Social Gospel movement?

Christians have a responsibility to improve working conditions Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Dawes Act of 1887?

To assimilate Native Americans by redistributing land Signup and view all the answers

What was a major impact of the Industrial Revolution on workers in America?

Reduction in job diversity and increased industrial work Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a social challenge faced during the Industrial Revolution?

Poor working conditions and exploitation of labor Signup and view all the answers

How did big businesses influence the American economy during the late 19th century?

They created monopolies, consolidating control over markets Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of labor unions that arose during the Industrial Revolution?

They sought to guarantee workers' rights and improve their conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions significantly altered agricultural labor during the Industrial Revolution?

Mechanical reaper Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of laissez-faire economics?

Minimal government intervention will lead to a more robust economy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the objectives of the Freedman’s Bureau established in 1865?

To provide educational opportunities for former slaves Signup and view all the answers

Which industrialist is most famously associated with the oil industry during the Gilded Age?

John D. Rockefeller Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

Black Codes = Limited African-American occupations and land ownership Freedman’s Bureau = Agency to assist emancipated slaves transitioning to freedom Laissez-faire = Theory promoting minimal government intervention in the economy Monopolies = Market structure with complete control over a product or service Signup and view all the answers

Match the following agricultural improvements with their specific benefits:

Mechanized reaper = Reduced labor force needed for harvesting Steel plow = Cut through dense sod for easier farming Barbed wire = Kept cattle off crops to protect yields Windmills = Powered irrigation systems for agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Match the following industrialists with their respective industries:

John D. Rockefeller = Oil Andrew Carnegie = Steel J.P. Morgan = Banking Cornelius Vanderbilt = Railroads Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their corresponding impacts:

Compromise of 1877 = Ended Reconstruction in the South Transcontinental Railroad completion = Connected the eastern and western U.S. Industrial Revolution = Transformed the American economy and society Great Strike of 1877 = Highlighted labor unrest and railroad issues Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts regarding economic structures:

Laissez-faire = Minimal government control Monopolies = Complete market control by one company Trusts = Large firms colluding to control prices Oligopoly = Few companies dominating a market segment Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their contributions or roles:

Abraham Lincoln = Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Ulysses S. Grant = Union General and President during Reconstruction W.E.B. Du Bois = Civil rights activist and co-founder of NAACP Booker T. Washington = Educator and advocate for African-American education Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to economic impact with their definitions:

Big Business = Larger pools of capital and operations Capitalism = Economic system based on private ownership Industrialization = Development of industries on a wide scale Urbanization = Movement of populations from rural to urban areas Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social challenges with their corresponding responses during the Industrial Revolution:

Poor working conditions = Formation of labor unions Child labor = Advocacy for child labor laws Long working hours = Strikes for better conditions Low wages = Demand for fair pay and labor rights Signup and view all the answers

Match the following immigration stations with their locations:

Ellis Island = New York Harbor Angel Island = San Francisco Bay Gateway City = Statue of Liberty Fort Brown = Brownsville, Texas Signup and view all the answers

Match the following laws with their purposes:

Chinese Exclusion Act = Prohibited Chinese from entering the U.S. Interstate Commerce Act = Regulated railroad companies Sherman Anti-trust Act = Prevented monopolies and trusts Gentlemen's Agreement = Limited Japanese emigration Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Nativism = Anti-foreign sentiment Social Gospel = Reform movement to improve working conditions Americanization Movement = Programs to help immigrants assimilate Settlement Houses = Community centers for assistance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their years:

Pullman Strike = 1894 Dawes Act = 1887 Chinese Exclusion Act = 1892 Gentlemen's Agreement = 1907-1908 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following inventors with their inventions:

Alexander Graham Bell = The telephone Christopher Sholes = The typewriter Henry Bessemer = Bessemer Steel process Thomas Alva Edison = Light bulb Signup and view all the answers

Match the following key figures with their associated movements:

Jane Addams = Settlement Houses Jacob Riis = Social Gospel Andrew Carnegie = Philanthropy Upton Sinclair = Labor reforms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following labor union names with their descriptions:

Knights of Labor = First union of all workers, founded in 1869 American Federation of Labor = Established in 1886, federation of different unions Collective Bargaining = Discussions between workers and employers Strike = Work stoppage to force an employer's response Signup and view all the answers

Match the following labor tactics with their definitions:

Strike = Work stoppage to force employer responses Boycott = Encouragement to not buy a company's product Lockouts = Factory owners prevent workers from entering Collective Bargaining = Negotiation over wages and conditions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following periods with their characteristics:

Gilded Age = Economic growth with social issues Progressive Era = Reforms for workers' rights Industrial Revolution = Rise of factories and labor unions Roaring Twenties = Economic boom and cultural change Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their corresponding concepts or historical events:

Gospel of Wealth = Wealthy obligation to give back Social Darwinism = Survival of the fittest applied to society Great Strike of 1877 = Railroad strike over wage cuts Factory Working Conditions = Unsafe, low wages, and long hours Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts with their impacts:

Interstate Commerce Act = Regulated railroads Chinese Exclusion Act = Limited Asian immigration Sherman Anti-trust Act = Targeted monopolistic practices Dawes Act = Redistributed Native American lands Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social movements with their goals:

Labor Movement = Advocating for workers' rights Temperance Movement = Reduction of alcohol consumption Women's Suffrage Movement = Voting rights for women Environmental Movement = Conservation of natural resources Signup and view all the answers

Match the following labor unions with their founding characteristics:

Knights of Labor = Secret fraternal order established in 1869 American Federation of Labor = Began with 140,000 members in 1886 Labor Unions = Associations promoting worker rights Collective Bargaining = Process of worker-employer discussions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with corresponding labor practices:

12-hour days, 6-7 days a week = Factory Working Conditions Unsafe environments and low wages = Factory challenges for workers Children as young as 5 working = Exploitation in factories Direct line assembly = Assembly Line process Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions:

Andrew Carnegie = Philanthropist promoting the Gospel of Wealth Henry Bessemer = Created the Bessemer Steel process Thomas Alva Edison = Invented the electric light bulb and many others Christopher Sholes = Inventor of the typewriter Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events or concepts with their descriptions:

Seward’s Folly = Purchase of Alaska viewed as unwise Annexation of Hawaii = Made Hawaii a U.S. territory for naval use Yellow Journalism = Exaggerated reporting that fueled war sentiments U.S.S. Maine = Ship explosion that led to the Spanish-American War Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions or ideas:

Alfred Mahan = Advocated for a strong navy to protect interests Josiah Strong = Promoted American imperialism as a national duty Enrique de Lome = Spanish minister who criticized McKinley Theodore Roosevelt = Introduced Big Stick policy and the Roosevelt Corollary Signup and view all the answers

Match the following policies with their objectives:

Monroe Doctrine = Opposed European interference in Western Hemisphere Roosevelt Corollary = Declared U.S. as an international policing power Open Door Policy = Sought equal trading rights in China Boxer Rebellion = Chinese uprising against Western influence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following events with their descriptions:

Scopes Trial, 1925 = Prosecution of a teacher for teaching evolution Stock Market Crash, 1929 = Panic selling leading to financial ruin Buying on Margin = Purchasing stocks with borrowed money Hundred Days = Intense legislative activity under FDR Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with their significant events:

1867 = Purchase of Alaska 1898 = Annexation of Hawaii and start of Spanish-American War 1904 = Roosevelt Corollary announced 1899 = Open Door Policy proposed Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes with their effects:

Over-production = Supply exceeds demand Under-consumption = Decline in economic activity Germany's default on reparations = European bank failures spread Stock prices spiraling up = Stock market instability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical terms with their contexts:

Buying on Margin = Stock market speculation New Deal = Economic reforms during the 1930s Installment Plan = Consumer credit in the 1920s Scopes Trial = Legal battle over education content Signup and view all the answers

Match the following influential figures with their associated ideas or actions:

Josiah Strong = Promoted American exceptionalism and expansion Alfred Mahan = Strategic planning for naval dominance Theodore Roosevelt = Advocated for aggressive foreign policy Seward = Negotiated the purchase of Alaska Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their characteristics:

Big Stick Policy = Use of military strength in diplomacy Open Door Policy = Assured equal trade for all nations in China Roosevelt Corollary = Expansion of Monroe Doctrine for intervention Imperialism = A nation's policy to acquire and maintain colonies Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with significant events:

1925 = Scopes Trial begins 1927 = Lindbergh's flight occurs 1929 = Stock Market Crash happens 1933 = FDR's presidency starts Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their implications:

Easy Credit = Stimulated consumer spending Stock Market Crash = Resulted in widespread bankruptcies Panic Selling = Triggered by market instability FDR's Hundred Days = Focused on immediate reforms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their challenges:

Franklin D. Roosevelt = Overcoming polio and economic crisis John Scopes = Facing prosecution for teaching evolution Stock Investors = Dealing with market crashes Consumers in the 1920s = Navigating easy credit and debt Signup and view all the answers

Match the New Deal agencies with their primary focus:

FDIC = Insuring bank deposits SEC = Regulating securities markets WPA = Creating jobs through public works TVA = Managing resources in the Tennessee Valley Signup and view all the answers

Match the events with their descriptions:

Bank Holiday = Closure of all banks to prevent withdrawals Bonus Army = WWI veterans marching on Washington for early bonuses Fireside Chats = FDR's radio talks to build public confidence Indian Reorganization Act = Law granting Native Americans greater control Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms to their descriptions:

Black Cabinet = Group of African-American advisers to FDR Social Security Act = Aid for retirees and the unemployed CCC = Employment for young men in environmental projects AAA = Regulation of agricultural production Signup and view all the answers

Match the laws with their historical contexts:

New Deal = Response to the Great Depression Agricultural Adjustment Act = Addressing farm overproduction Civilian Conservation Corps = Youth employment in conservation Public Works Administration = Infrastructure projects during the 1930s Signup and view all the answers

Match the following initiatives with their objectives:

Indian New Deal = Greater control for Native Americans Emergency Banking Relief Act = Inspecting and reopening sound banks Works Progress Administration = Providing jobs through government projects Tennessee Valley Authority = Electricity and flood control in the Tennessee Valley Signup and view all the answers

Match the following programs with their target groups:

Social Security = Retired individuals and dependents Fireside Chats = General public for confidence building CCC = Unemployed young men TVA = Residents of the Tennessee Valley Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figures or groups to their actions:

FDR = Declared a Bank Holiday Hoover = Called in the army against the Bonus Army Congress = Considered a bill for veteran bonuses African-American leaders = Served as the Black Cabinet Signup and view all the answers

Match the effects of the mentioned Acts with their outcomes:

Indian Reorganization Act = Tribes can elect councils Social Security Act = Financial support for the unemployed FDIC = Protection of depositor's money SEC = Oversight of stock exchanges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following labor unions with their characteristics:

Knights of Labor = First union of all workers founded in 1869 American Federation of Labor = Federation of different unions established in 1886 United Mine Workers = Focused on miners' rights and safety conditions Teamsters = Represented truck drivers and warehouse workers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their contributions to social reform:

Andrew Carnegie = Gospel of Wealth advocating for philanthropy John Dewey = Promoted progressive education reforms Jane Addams = Established settlement houses for immigrants Franklin D. Roosevelt = Implemented the New Deal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding concepts:

Social Darwinism = Life of the poor determined by fitness Gospel of Wealth = Wealthy should contribute to society Labor Unions = Associations promoting worker rights Assembly Line = Sequential operation of production Signup and view all the answers

Match the following labor practices with their explanations:

Collective Bargaining = Negotiating wages and conditions Strike = Work stoppage for demands Boycott = Refusal to buy a product Lockout = Temporary closure to force compliance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following industrial conditions with their descriptions:

Unsafe = Hazardous working environment Low wages = Insufficient income for workers Long hours = Extended shifts often exceeding 12 hours Child labor = Employment of very young children in factories Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Civil War battles with their significance:

Battle of Gettysburg = Turning point of the Civil War Battle of Antietam = Bloodiest single-day battle Battle of Fort Sumter = First battle of the Civil War Battle of Vicksburg = Gave the Union control of the Mississippi River Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Civil War amendments with their purposes:

13th Amendment = Abolished slavery 14th Amendment = Granted citizenship to former slaves 15th Amendment = Prohibited voting discrimination based on race 16th Amendment = Income tax created without regard to state populations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaders with their respective Reconstruction plans:

Abraham Lincoln = Ten Percent Plan Andrew Johnson = Similar to Lincoln's, with more restrictions Radical Republicans = Wade-Davis Bill Ulysses S. Grant = Tried to enforce civil rights post-war Signup and view all the answers

Match the following resources to their regions during the Civil War:

North = Railroad tracks South = Cotton Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their civil rights laws:

Civil Rights Act of 1866 = Prohibited abridgement of rights Emancipation Proclamation = Freed slaves in seceded states Freedmen’s Bureau = Assisted former slaves and poor Whites Wade-Davis Bill = Reconstruction requirements for southern states Signup and view all the answers

Match the following notable songs or literature with their authors or composers:

The Battle Hymn of the Republic = Julia Ward Howe Uncle Tom's Cabin = Harriet Beecher Stowe Songs of the Civil War = Stephen Foster Lift Every Voice and Sing = James Weldon Johnson Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Native American tribes with their Civil War allegiances:

Cheyenne = Supported the North Creeks = Supported the South Choctaws = Supported the South Cherokee = Divided in loyalty Signup and view all the answers

Match the following strategies with the Union's Anaconda Plan components:

Blockade Southern ports = Cut off trade Capture Richmond = Take the Southern capital Cut the Mississippi River = Divide the Confederacy Recruit more troops = Increase manpower Signup and view all the answers

Match the following improvements in agriculture with their specific benefits:

Mechanized reaper = Reduced labor force Steel plow = Cut through dense sod Barbed wire = Kept cattle off crops Windmills = Powers irrigation systems Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their associated industries:

John D. Rockefeller = Oil Andrew Carnegie = Steel J.P. Morgan = Finance Cornelius Vanderbilt = Railroads Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to the Industrial Revolution:

Compromise of 1877 = Ending Reconstruction Black Codes = Limitations on African-American rights Freedman’s Bureau = Aid for emancipated slaves Transcontinental Railroad = Linked the eastern and western U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social challenges during the Industrial Revolution with their responses:

Labor strikes = Demand for better wages Child labor = Formation of child labor laws Unsafe working conditions = Establishment of safety regulations Pollution = Emergence of environmental movements Signup and view all the answers

Match the following items to their impacts during the Industrial Revolution:

Hybridization = Greater agricultural yields Barbed wire = Protected crops from livestock Steel plow = Facilitated farming in tough soil Windmills = Improved irrigation efficiency Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic structures with their characteristics:

Laissez-faire = Minimal government regulation Monopoly = Dominance by a single company Market economy = Supply and demand determine prices Command economy = Central authority controls resources Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures of the Abolitionist Movement with their contributions:

Frederick Douglass = Former slave and prominent abolitionist speaker. Harriet Beecher Stowe = Author of 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'. Sojourner Truth = Abolitionist and women's rights activist. John Brown = Led a raid on Harper's Ferry to incite a slave rebellion. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acts with their significance:

Missouri Compromise = Established a line dividing free and slave states. Compromise of 1850 = Sought to ease tensions between North and South. Kansas-Nebraska Act = Introduced the concept of popular sovereignty. Fugitive Slave Act = Mandated stricter measures for catching runaway slaves. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical movements with their definitions:

Abolitionist Movement = Efforts to end slavery in the United States. Progressive Movement = A response to industrialization and social issues. Impressionism = Art movement focused on capturing moments of light. Women's Suffrage Movement = Campaign for women's right to vote. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the Civil War with their meanings:

Secession = The act of withdrawing from the Union. Emancipation = The act of freeing enslaved people. Reconstruction = The period of rebuilding the South after the Civil War. Union = The Northern states during the Civil War. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their roles during the Civil War:

Abraham Lincoln = President of the United States during the Civil War. Jefferson Davis = President of the Confederate States. Robert E. Lee = General of the Confederate Army. Ulysses S. Grant = General of the Union Army. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following legislative compromises with their effects:

Missouri Compromise = Maintained the balance of power between slave and free states. Compromise of 1850 = Temporarily reduced tensions over slavery. Kansas-Nebraska Act = Led to violent conflicts known as 'Bleeding Kansas'. Fugitive Slave Act = Increased tensions between North and South. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their corresponding historical events or concepts:

Bleeding Kansas = Violence over the issue of slavery in Kansas. Underground Railroad = Network aiding enslaved people to escape to freedom. Harper's Ferry Raid = John Brown's attempt to start a slave rebellion. Dred Scott Decision = Legally deemed African Americans as property. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their roles:

Eugene V. Debs = Socialist presidential candidate imprisoned for anti-war speech Woodrow Wilson = Proposed the League of Nations post WWI Lenin = Leader of the Bolshevik party during the Russian Revolution Herbert Hoover = President during the onset of the Great Depression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following migration patterns with their reasons:

Great Migration = Movement of African Americans to Northern cities Dust Bowl Migration = Migration caused by severe drought in the 1930s Urbanization = Shift from rural areas to cities for better job opportunities Suburbanization = Post-WWII movement to suburbs for housing and peace Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treaties or proposals with their main elements:

Treaty of Versailles = Included the War Guilt Clause blaming Germany Fourteen Points = Advocated for freedom of the seas Schenck v. U.S. = Limited First Amendment rights during war League of Nations = Failed to include the United States despite being proposed by Wilson Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their consequences:

Zimmerman Note = Increased U.S. involvement in World War I Russian Revolution = Withdrawal of Russia from WWI Great Migration = Increased African American presence in Northern cities Treaty of Versailles = Set the stage for future conflicts in Europe Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical figures with their contributions:

Francis Scott Key = Wrote the 'Star-Spangled Banner' W.E.B. Du Bois = Co-founder of the NAACP promoting civil rights Henry Ford = Revolutionized automobile production through assembly line John Steinbeck = Authored works depicting life during the Great Depression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following New Deal Agencies with their primary functions:

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) = Protecting bank depositors' accounts Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) = Regulating the stock market Works Progress Administration (WPA) = Providing jobs through public works projects Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) = Employing young men in environmental projects Signup and view all the answers

Match the following New Deal Acts with their descriptions:

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) = Reducing agricultural production to raise prices Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) = Providing electricity and economic development Indian Reorganization Act = Restoring self-governance to Native American tribes Social Security Act = Providing financial support for retirees and the unemployed Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their significance during the Great Depression:

Bank Holiday = Temporary closure of banks to prevent withdrawals Bonus Army = WWI veterans demanding early payment of bonuses Fireside Chats = FDR's radio talks to communicate with the public Black Cabinet = Advisers to FDR from the African American community Signup and view all the answers

Match the following economic conditions with their effects during the 1930s:

Bank Failures = Loss of savings for millions of Americans High Unemployment = Decrease in consumer spending Stock Market Crash = Severe downturn in the economy Dust Bowl = Displacement of farming communities in the Midwest Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with the year they occurred:

FDR's Bank Holiday = 1933 Establishment of the FDIC = 1933 Passage of the Social Security Act = 1935 Creation of the CCC = 1933 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following programs with their target beneficiaries:

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) = Unemployed young men Works Progress Administration (WPA) = Unskilled workers Indian Reorganization Act = Native American tribes Social Security Act = Retired workers and dependents Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their roles during the New Deal:

Franklin D. Roosevelt = President during the Great Depression Harry Hopkins = Head of the WPA Frances Perkins = Secretary of Labor and advocate for Social Security Rexford Tugwell = Key figure in planning the New Deal programs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of the Indian Reorganization Act with their focuses:

Economic = Tribal land ownership as a collective Cultural = Reduction of boarding schools for Native American children Political = Establishment of tribal councils Education = Funding for schools on reservations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

U.S. History Main Terms & Concepts

The U.S. history exam will assess students' ability to analyze historical events using both primary and secondary sources, including political cartoons, charts, graphs, and maps.
The units of study for semester one include: Civil War and Reconstruction, Industrial Revolution, Gilded Age/Populism, Progressive Movement, Imperialism & Spanish American War, World War I, the 1920s, and the 1930s & the Great Depression.

Civil War & Reconstruction

Students need to understand the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction, and its effects on American society.
Students need to identify the factors and events that led to the Civil War.
Students need to describe the course of the Civil War.
Students need to understand how Reconstruction affected Americans.

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, and Maine as a free state.
All territory north of 36°30' latitude would be free states, and all territory south of that latitude would be slave states.

Compromise of 1850

California was admitted as a free state.
Utah and New Mexico were organized without restrictions on slavery.
The Texas/New Mexico border was adjusted.
The slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished.
Tougher fugitive slave laws were established.
This compromise was meant to resolve the conflict over slavery.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay helped to pass the Compromise of 1850 to alleviate conflict between the North and South.
He helped to delay the Civil War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise.
Popular sovereignty (vote by the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

Bleeding Kansas

Bleeding Kansas was a period before the Civil War when the Kansas territory was a battleground between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.

Abolitionist Movement

The Abolitionist Movement was a movement to outlaw slavery in America in the 19th century.
Key leaders included: Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the best-selling novel Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852.
The book portrayed slavery as a moral evil and helped to grow the Abolitionist Movement.

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

A Missouri slave sued for freedom, claiming that his stay in free territory made him free.
The Supreme Court ruled that he could not sue in federal court, because he was considered property, not a citizen.

Resources of the North & South

The North had factories, railroad tracks, telegraph wires, and a labor force.
The South had plantations, slaves, cotton, and rivers.
Resources data (like railroad mileage, factories, etc.) is provided for comparative analysis (North and South)

Causes of Secession, 1860

Seven Southern states seceded after Lincoln's election.
Their reason for secession was cited as Lincoln's election, whose opposing views and policies were deemed hostile to slavery.

Anaconda Plan

A three-part Union war strategy to defeat the South:

Blockade Southern ports.
Cut the Mississippi River in half.
Capture Richmond.

Battle of Gettysburg, 1863

A three-day battle between 90,000 Union soldiers under Meade and 76,000 Confederate soldiers under Lee.
The North won, and it is considered a turning point in the Civil War.

"The Battle Hymn of the Republic"

Composed by Julia Ward Howe in 1861.
Abolitionist and poet, the lyrics were written to support the cause of ending slavery, and Lincoln was moved by them.

Native Americans in the Civil War

Both the North and South courted Native American tribes during the Civil War.
Some tribes, like the Cheyenne, supported the North. Others, like the Creeks and Choctaws, supported the South.
The Cherokee Nation was divided in its support.

Emancipation Proclamation, 1862

Lincoln declared slaves in Confederate states to be free.
Lincoln had no power to enforce the law in the rebellion states.

Reconstruction Plans

Lincoln offered the "Ten Percent Plan."
Johnson's plan was similar to Lincoln's, but required wealthy planters to request pardons and did not support voting rights for African Americans.
"Radical Republicans" passed the Wade-Davis Bill, but Lincoln pocket-vetoed it.
The Freedmen's Bureau was established, and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed.

Civil War Amendments

13th Amendment: Freed all slaves, abolished slavery.
14th Amendment: Granted full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans.
15th Amendment: No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race or color.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Prohibited the abridgement of rights of Black people or any other citizens.

Black Codes

Southern states passed these codes to restore the old ways after Reconstruction.
Limited Black Americans to occupations like servants and farm laborers.
In some states, Black Americans were forbidden from owning land.

Freedmen's Bureau

A federal government agency to aid nearly 4 million emancipated slaves.
Provided schools, medical care, and marriage certificates.

Compromise of 1877

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests.
The Democrats accepted the election results in exchange for the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of Union troops from the South.

Industrial Revolution, Gilded Age, Populism, Progressive Movement

Analyze the transformation of the American economy and changing social and political conditions in response to the Industrial Revolution.
Distinguish how the Industrial Revolution changed America from the perspective of workers and industrialists.
Recognize social challenges during the Industrial Revolution and their responses.

Improvements in Agriculture

Mechanized reaper – reduced labor force
Steel plow – cut dense sod
Barbed wire – kept cattle off crops
Windmills – irrigate systems
Hybridization – greater yields

Transcontinental Railroad, 1869

Union Pacific began in Omaha in 1865 and went west.
Central Pacific went east from Sacramento and met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah.

Influence of Big Business

Larger pools of capital
Wider geographic span
Broader range of operations
Revised role of ownership
New methods of management

Laissez-faire

A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.

Monopolies

A market structure where a company controls a product or service by buying out or outcompeting competitors.
Standard Oil is an example.

Industrialists

John D. Rockefeller (oil)
Andrew Carnegie (steel)
J.P. Morgan (banking & finance)

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society.
The poor were poor due to lack of fitness to survive.
Used to oppose social reforms aimed at aiding the poor.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's philosophy on wealth and philanthropy.
The wealthy have an obligation to give back to society.

Inventors & Inventions

Alexander Graham Bell (telephone)
Christopher Sholes (typewriter)
Henry Bessemer (Bessemer Steel process)
Thomas Alva Edison (over 1,000 inventions, including electricity, light bulb, fans, and printing presses. )

Assembly Line

An arrangement of equipment and workers where work passes from operation to operation until the product is assembled.

Factory Working Conditions

12-hour days, sometimes 7 days a week.
Unsafe, dangerous, dirty, poorly ventilated, poorly lit.
Faulty equipment
Low wages
No benefits
Children worked in factories, as young as 5 years old.

Labor Unions

An association of workers to promote and protect the welfare, interests, and rights of their members through collective bargaining.
Examples: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor.

Examples of Labor Unions

The Knights of Labor was established in 1869 as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union for all workers.
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in 1886, consisting of many different unions, with 2.5 million members by 1917.

Labor Practices

Collective Bargaining: Discussions between workers and employers concerning wages, hours, and working conditions.
Strikes: Work stoppages intended to force employers to meet worker demands.
Boycotts: Encouraging citizens to not buy or use a company's products until the company meets worker demands.
Lockouts: Factory owners barring workers from the premises until they meet company demands.

Great Strike of 1877

A railroad strike over wage cuts.
Set the stage for future violent strikes.

Pullman Strike of 1894

Workers of the Pullman rail car company went on strike over wage cuts and layoffs.
12,000 federal troops were called in.
The strike led to a decrease in union membership due to intervention by the federal courts.

Interstate Commerce Act

A law passed in 1887 that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
The ICC attempted to supervise and regulate railroad activities.

Sherman Anti-trust Act

The 1890 act aimed to prevent monopolies by making trusts that impeded free trade illegal.

Gilded Age and Populism

Refer to the period of industrial growth from the 1870s thru 1890s.
Populism was formed as a response to the economic hardship of farmers.

Ellis Island

An immigration station in New York Harbor that processed millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S. from Europe between 1892 and 1954.

Angel Island

An immigration station in San Francisco Bay that processed Asian immigrants, primarily Chinese, arriving in the U.S. West Coast between 1910 and 1940.

Chinese Exclusion Act

A 1892 law that prohibited the majority of Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S., except for students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
The law remained in effect until 1943.

Gentlemen's Agreement

An agreement between the U.S. and Japan to limit Japanese emigration to the U.S. in exchange for the withdrawal of segregation orders in San Francisco against children of Asian immigrants.

Nativism

An anti-foreign sentiment, especially focused on the Irish and German Catholics, which arose in the 1840s and 1850s.

Americanization Movement

A movement in which volunteers in U.S. cities helped newcomers learn English and adopt American customs in dress and diet.

A 19th-century reform movement that stressed that Christians had a responsibility to improve the living conditions of the poor by following biblical teachings about charity and justice.

Settlement Houses

Community centers that provided assistance to residents, particularly immigrants, in slum neighborhoods.

Dawes Act, 1887

Attempted to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing land.
Resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.

Political Machines

Controlled political activities in cities, typically through ward bosses and precinct captains ensuring their candidates' election and favorable governance.
Example: Tammany Hall.

William M. Tweed

A political boss who controlled Tammany Hall in New York City in the late 1860s and early 1870s.
Under his leadership, the Tweed Ring stole millions of dollars.

Tammany Hall

A powerful Democratic political machine in New York City.

W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois advocated for full civil rights and social equality for Black Americans,
Helped found the NAACP.

Booker T. Washington

Washington advocated for economic independence for Black Americans before civil rights.
Founded the Tuskegee Institute.

Ida B. Wells

Campaigned against lynchings in the South.
Helped prevent the establishment of segregated schools in Chicago.
Founder of the NACW.

Populist Party

Also known as the People's Party, formed by farmers in 1891-1892.
Advocated for a larger money supply and other economic reforms.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate for President in 1896.
Supported the use of both gold and silver as currency.
Famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech.
Lost the election.

Cross of Gold Speech, 1896

Given by William Jennings Bryan.
Opposed the Republican proposal for a gold standard, advocating inclusion of silver coinage.

Progressive Movement

An era of social and political reforms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the U.S.
Goals of progressivism included addressing issues arising from rapid industrialization and population growth in urban areas.

Causes of Progressivism

Ineffective government
Poor working conditions
Emergence of Social Gospel
Unequal distribution of wealth
Immigration
Urban poor
Corruption

Muckrakers

Journalists who investigated and exposed corruption in American society, particularly in politics and business.
Examples included Ida Tarbell

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel exposing the disgusting conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry.

Jacob Riis

Early-1900s writer who publicized the social and political injustices present in the U.S.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker and journalist who wrote for McClure's magazine.
Exposed corruption and cut-throat business practices of John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil Company.

Robert LaFollette

A major leader of the Progressive movement in Wisconsin.

Recall

A procedure for removing a public official from office through vote by the people.

Initiative

A procedure for submitting legislative measures to a popular vote.

Referendum

A procedure for submitting a proposed legislative measure to a popular vote.

Direct Primary

An election in which citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

The Supreme Court ruled that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as they were equal.

Disenfranchisement

Mississippi supreme court ruling that poll taxes and literacy tests were legal, taking away voting rights for Black people. This practice was called Disenfranchisement

Jane Addams' Hull House, 1889

A social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class.
Founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911

A fire in New York City's Triangle Shirtwaist Company killed 146 people, largely women.
The tragedy exposed poor working conditions and led to federal safety regulations for workers.

Spoils System

The practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters.

Gerrymandering

The act of dividing a voting area in such a way to give one political party a majority in that voting district.

Thomas Nast

A newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons.
Created "Uncle Sam", the elephant and donkey to represent political parties.
He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

Progressive Party Platform

Advocated for women's suffrage, recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation, limited injunctions in strikes, farm relief, and revision of banking for elastic currency.

Triple-Threat of Privilege

President Woodrow Wilson's "Triple Wall of Privilege" focused on the tariff, banks, and trusts, attacking them in an all-out war.

Federal Reserve Act, 1913

Regulated banking to help small banks, promoting business, and moving away from the previous policies of laissez-faire.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Founded in 1873 in Chicago.
Promoted prohibition of alcohol.
Members entered saloons to promote their cause through singing, prayer, encouraging saloon owners to stop selling alcohol.

Prohibition

The banning of the manufacturing, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

18th Amendment

Banned the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages within the U.S.

National Women's Suffrage Association

Founded in 1890 to earn women the right to vote at state and national levels.

19th Amendment

This addition to the U.S. Constitution stated that the federal government or State governments could not deny the right to vote on account of sex, thus franchising women.

Imperialism & World War I

Understand the changing role of the U.S. in world affairs (leading up to and including WWI).
Recognize terms and concepts related to U.S. Imperialism.
Identify the events that led the U.S. into WWI, and the subsequent impact the war had on American society and politics.

Imperialism/Spanish-American War

Refer to the U.S. acquiring and influencing foreign territories.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

The U.S. purchased land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from France for $15 million.
Jefferson, interested in expansion for trade and shipping, used loose construction of the Constitution to justify the purchase.

Seward's Folly, 1867

Seward's enthusiastic support and negotiation of the Alaskan purchase was later called "Seward's Folly", due to public concerns that this territory was unsuited to farming or permanent settlement.

Annexation of Hawaii, 1898

Exclusive use of Pearl Harbor by the U.S.
Congress declared Hawaii a U. S. territory, primarily for the use of the islands as major naval ports.

Alfred Mahan

As American business expanded internationally, the need for protection of its investments became evident.
The "great white fleet", a strong and easily deployable U.S. Navy fleet, was requested by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.

Josiah Strong

A leading proponent of imperialism.
Claimed that America's destiny included acquiring new territories and lands as a dominating nation in the world. This idea echoes the earlier concept of Manifest Destiny.

Yellow Journalism

One of the causes of the Spanish-American War in 1898.
The use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers to attract readers.

DeLome Letter

A private letter written by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme in 1898.
A Cuban rebel stole and published the letter, criticizing President McKinley.

U.S.S. Maine

A U.S. warship that exploded and sank in Havana Harbor in 1898.
Killing 260 men, it spurred the U.S to declare war on Spain.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Declared that Europe should stay out of the Western Hemisphere.
Interference by European powers would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the U.S. would act as international policemen.

"Big Stick" Policy

President Theodore Roosevelt's policy of creating and using a strong military to achieve American goals.

Open Door Policy, 1899

Hay's note to imperialist nations assured respect for equal trade opportunities specifically in the Chinese market.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 rebellion in China where members of a Chinese secret society tried to rid the country of foreign influence.
European and U.S. governments sent troops to halt the rebellion.

Panama Canal

An artificial waterway built through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Built by the U.S. and opened in 1914.

World War I

Detailed coverage of the causes, including
- Militarism
- Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
- Neutrality to involvement (U.S. entry), including key events like the sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Note
- Allied and Central Powers
- Propaganda
- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Key events like the Lusitania sinking and the Zimmerman Note

Selective Service Act

A law enacted in 1917 that required all men to register for military service.

Eugene V. Debs

A Socialist candidate for president.
Imprisoned for protesting World War I.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North during the early 20th century.
Seeking better economic opportunity and less discrimination.

Fourteen Points, 1918

President Wilson's vision for a post-WWI peace, including freedom of the seas and a League of Nations.

League of Nations, 1919

Global organization designed to promote peace by having representatives from many countries. The US did not join.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that formally ended WWI in 1919.
Blamed Germany for the entire war.

Schenck v. U.S., 1919

Supreme Court decision about free speech during wartime.

The 1920s & 1930s

Analyze the social, political, and economic changes of the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression.

1920s Innovations in New Consumer Goods

RADIO – Most powerful communication medium.
AUTOMOBILE – Transformed American landscape with paved roads, gas stations, repair shops.
ELECTRIC APPLIANCES – Improved housework efficiency with appliances like vacuum cleaners.
New Marketing Techniques

1920's Prohibition

Reformers viewed alcohol as harmful, while others believed drinking was a personal choice. Prohibition fostered criminal activities.

Bootleggers, Gangsters, Speakeasy Bars

Drinkers went underground to hidden saloons (Speakeasies).
Liquor was sold by bootleggers and controlled by gangsters like Al Capone.

Flappers, 1920s

Women started wearing shorter skirts, bobbed hair, and showed more sexual freedom.
They began to take jobs traditionally held by men.

Harlem Renaissance

A flourishing of African-American artistic creativity in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York City.

Langston Hughes

A gifted writer of humorous poems, stories, essays, and poetry, symbolizing the Harlem Renaissance.

Jazz Age

American music form developed by African-Americans, blending blues, ragtime & European-based popular music.
Emerged in New Orleans, rapidly spreading to NYC.
Popularized by Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, & Cab Calloway

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican immigrant who believed African Americans should build separate society.
Founded the UNIA & preached African Americans should return to Africa.
Convicted of mail fraud.

Teapot Dome Scandal, 1921

Secretary of Interior Albert Fall secretly leased oil-rich public lands to private companies.
He was bribed with money and land.
Sentenced to jail.

Fundamentalism

A movement/attitude emphasizing strict and literal adherence to basic principles, including religious beliefs.

Scopes Trial, 1925

Prosecution of school teacher John Scopes for violating a Tennessee law prohibiting public schools from teaching evolution.
Scopes was convicted but the trial impacted public opinion against fundamentalism.

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods to shield a nation's businesses from foreign competition.

Charles Lindbergh

Charles Lindbergh made the first solo transatlantic flight across the Atlantic in 1927.

Stock Market Crash, 1929

Panic selling as investors realized the stock boom was an over inflated bubble.
Margin investors tried to liquidate, decimating their wealth as the stock market crashed in October 1929.

The 1930s Great Depression

Refer to the causes of the Great Depression in America.

Buying on Margin

The practice of borrowing money from a broker to purchase stocks to invest in the stock market; very risky.

Installment Plan

A method of easy credit for goods where buyers could purchase items over a longer time, often on monthly installments without a full cash outlay.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

FDR's life story and political rise in the decade leading to the Great Depression.

New Deal

The series of programs created under FDR to lessen the effects of the Great Depression, which focussed on relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform.

Hundred Days

A period in 1933 where Congress approved 15 major New Deal laws.
This period marked great federal governmental activity in the U.S. economy.
This is a period of intense activity in government responses to the Great Depression.

Bank Failures

744 banks failed within the first 10 months of 1930.
9,000 banks failed throughout the 1930s.
Depositors lost $140 billion due to bank failures.

Bank Holiday

On March 5, 1933, FDR declared a bank holiday to assess the U.S. banks for solvency.
Those banks deemed unsound remained closed, but those considered solvent reopened.

New Deal Agencies

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A 1935 law that provided aid to retirees, the unemployed, and people with disabilities & dependent mothers & children.

Fireside Chats

FDR's radio addresses building confidence in Americans about the New Deal proposals.

Bonus Army, 1932

WWI veterans marched on Washington D.C. to request early payment of their retirement bonuses.
Hoover ordered the army to break up the protest.

Black Cabinet

African-American leaders serving as unofficial advisors to FDR.

1934 Indian Reorganization Act

Native Americans gained greater control over their cultures, economic, & political destiny.
Boarding schools were reduced, day schools introduced & tribes were permitted to elect tribal councils.

Indian New Deal

1930 legislation providing funding & support for Indian schools & hospitals.

Dust Bowl, 1930s

Catastrophic dust storms across plains in certain U.S. states, due to poor farming techniques and drought.
Many people migrated to other states, particularly California, in search of work.

Long Term Effects of New Deal Programs

Expansion of federal government roles.
Increased government responsibility for citizens' welfare (entitlements).
Increased governmental activity within the economy.
Deficit spending became an established federal policy option.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in U.S. labor history, focusing on social reforms, the role of unions, and major historical events affecting workers' rights. Test your knowledge on significant strikes, legislation, and the challenges faced by the labor movement during the industrial period.