US History Unit I: Populism and Industrialization
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the primary economic goals of the Populist Party as outlined in the Omaha Platform?

  • Limit the power of industrialists (correct)
  • Ban the use of silver currency
  • Establish government-owned railroads
  • Implement a flat tax system

Which of the following was not a concern for farmers in the 1870s and 1880s?

  • Excessive rainfall (correct)
  • High freight costs
  • Falling crop prices
  • Rising costs of farming machinery

What economic policy did the Populist Party support that proposed to increase inflation to reduce farmers' debts?

  • Gold standard
  • Bimetallism (correct)
  • Deflationary measures
  • Industrial subsidies

How did the federal government generally respond to the influx of immigrants?

<p>By claiming immigrants disrupted local communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of immigrants was reportedly welcomed more compared to others?

<p>Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act was influenced by the Populist movement and aimed to prohibit monopolies?

<p>Sherman Antitrust Act (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common belief held by some individuals regarding immigrants and local workers?

<p>Immigrants steal jobs from local White workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Social Darwinism was used to justify discrimination against certain immigrant groups?

<p>Some ethnic groups are superior to others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

<p>To reduce crop production by paying farmers to grow less. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the NRA (National Recovery Act) as ruled by the Supreme Court?

<p>It was ruled unconstitutional. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Japan's invasion of Manchuria have on the League of Nations?

<p>It displayed the League's inability to enforce its resolutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with the policy of appeasement by Great Britain and France?

<p>The annexation of Austria (Anschluss). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major challenge faced by the League of Nations?

<p>It lacked enforcement power due to key nations not participating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Roosevelt's attempt at court packing?

<p>It damaged his reputation and credibility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one effect of the Bank Holiday / Emergency Bank Act?

<p>It helped stabilize the banking system in the long term. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Abyssinian Crisis?

<p>Italy's desire to connect two colonies in Africa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable negative aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority?

<p>It caused major pollution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the song mentioned reflect views on Roosevelt's policies?

<p>It highlighted the failures and despair faced by citizens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Wilson's refusal to recognize Huerta's government in Mexico?

<p>The U.S. military was sent to seize the port following an arrest of American sailors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the U.S. abandoning neutrality and entering WWI?

<p>Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Wilson's Fourteen Points primarily aim to accomplish?

<p>Promote democracy and protect national independence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Red Scare affect government actions in the U.S.?

<p>It prompted the government to conduct widespread arrests of suspected communists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of Wilson's 'Moral Diplomacy'?

<p>Believing that the U.S. had a moral duty to spread democracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the disillusionment with the League of Nations in the U.S.?

<p>Opposition from Congress and public favoring isolationism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the impacts of the Boston Police Strike of 1919?

<p>It demonstrated the fear of unionization being associated with communism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Spanish Flu pandemic from 1918 to 1920?

<p>It resulted in worldwide deaths estimated between 20 to 50 million. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Scopes 'Monkey Trial' highlight in American society?

<p>The divide between modernism and traditionalism in education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which policy aimed to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars during the 1930s?

<p>The Neutrality Acts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the U.S. implement the Lend-Lease policy?

<p>To assist allied nations while limiting U.S. military engagement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant result of the Palmer Raids?

<p>They heightened anti-immigrant sentiment and discrimination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Wilson's motivation behind his agenda during the Treaty of Versailles?

<p>To establish a fair peace and prevent future conflicts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did public perception shift regarding labor movements after the Bolshevik Revolution?

<p>Labor movements were viewed as potentially communist threats. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main economic conditions leading to the Great Depression?

<p>Large wealth disparity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action did FDR take to combat the effects of the Great Depression through the New Deal?

<p>Job creation through public works projects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event prompted the U.S. to officially enter World War II?

<p>The attack on Pearl Harbor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)?

<p>To regulate the stock market (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused the collapse of the U.S. banking system during the Great Depression?

<p>Too many people withdrawing money (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which New Deal program was designed specifically to assist the homeless and unemployed?

<p>Works Progress Administration (WPA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the criticisms of the New Deal programs?

<p>They discriminated against African Americans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) accomplish?

<p>It provided financial assistance to states (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the effect of buying on margin during the 1920s?

<p>Investment risks for consumers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of the Atlantic Charter?

<p>It outlined a vision for a post-war world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff's impact on international trade?

<p>It raised tariffs and led to decreased trade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused overproduction during the 1920s?

<p>Advancements in manufacturing technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program was designed to reform the banking system?

<p>Emergency Bank Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

<p>Reduce agricultural production to raise prices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main goals of the Progressive Movement?

<p>Improve conditions for workers and immigrants while increasing political participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921?

<p>To limit the number of immigrants from each nationality to 3% of their population based on the 1910 census (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did U.S. foreign policy shift after McKinley's presidency?

<p>From territorial expansion in North America to active imperialism overseas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War?

<p>The U.S. acquired territories such as Guam and Puerto Rico (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Muckrakers play during the Progressive Era?

<p>They were journalists who exposed societal issues to the public (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment established the direct election of senators?

<p>17th Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle did the Monroe Doctrine emphasize?

<p>The Americas should remain free from European colonization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Open Door Policy towards China?

<p>To ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the Philippine-American War?

<p>U.S. control led to significant civilian casualties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act was designed to improve food safety and inspection standards?

<p>Pure Food and Drug Act (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Roosevelt utilize to assert U.S. influence in the Americas?

<p>Dollar Diplomacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which American action led to the annexation of Hawaii?

<p>American businessmen orchestrating a coup against the Hawaiian government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Clayton Antitrust Act have on monopolies?

<p>It reduced the power of monopolies and protected competition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the U.S. foreign policy before McKinley?

<p>A focus on territorial expansion and non-intervention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Populist Party

A political party formed in 1892 that championed the interests of farmers and industrial workers. They aimed to limit the power of big corporations, regulate railroads and banks, and promote economic equality.

Social Darwinism

A belief that some groups are naturally better suited to lead society than others, often based on race or ethnicity. It was used to justify discrimination against immigrants.

Grange Movement

A political and economic movement that sought to improve the lives of farmers in the late 1800s. They advocated for fair prices for crops, government regulation of railroads, and other reforms.

Bimetallism

The use of both gold and silver as currency. This would increase inflation and help farmers by making it easier to repay debts.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

A law passed in 1890 that aimed to prevent monopolies and promote competition in the marketplace. This was a victory for the Populist Party.

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Cultural Superiority

The belief that some cultures are superior to others, often used to justify discrimination against immigrants.

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Immigrants

People who leave their home country to seek a better life elsewhere, often driven by economic hardship, political oppression, or other factors.

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Immigration Recruitment

The practice of employers recruiting workers from other countries, often offering them jobs with lower wages than native-born workers.

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Know Nothing Party

An anti-immigrant political party that advocated for strict immigration restrictions including limiting voting rights, tightening citizenship requirements, and preventing immigrants from holding office.

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Emergency Quota Act (1921)

A policy that limited the number of immigrants from each nationality to 3% of their population in the U.S. based on the 1910 census.

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National Origins Quota Act (1924)

A policy that further limited immigration to 2% of the number of people from each nationality already living in the U.S. based on the 1890 census.

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Progressive Era (1890s - 1920s)

A period of significant political and social reforms, driven by concerns about industrialization and immigration.

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Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems to the public through investigative reporting.

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Laissez-Faire

The belief that the government should not interfere with businesses and the economy.

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American Imperialism

A period of U.S. foreign policy marked by expanding American influence beyond the continent.

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Annexation of Hawaii (1893, 1898)

The annexation of Hawaii by the U.S. in 1898, driven by American business interests and strategic location.

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Spanish-American War (1898)

The war between the U.S. and Spain in 1898, fueled by Cuba's struggle for independence and the sinking of the USS Maine.

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Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

A conflict between the U.S. and Filipino resistance forces after the Spanish-American War, resulting in a bloody battle for control of the Philippines.

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Open Door Policy (1899-1900)

A policy where the U.S. announced its commitment to an open market and equal access for all nations in China.

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Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs to protect American interests.

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Panama Canal (1907-1914)

The construction of the Panama Canal, a major engineering feat that greatly sped up commerce between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

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Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913)

A foreign policy that emphasized expanding U.S. business interests abroad through investment and loans.

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NRA (National Recovery Administration)

The National Recovery Administration aimed to set prices and wages for multiple industries to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.

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AAA

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) paid farmers to grow less, aiming to raise crop prices and improve farming conditions. However, it was deemed unconstitutional.

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CCC

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed young men in conservation projects, combating unemployment and improving the natural environment.

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TVA

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) focused on economic development in impoverished areas, but faced criticism for its environmental impacts.

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Emergency Bank Act and Bank Holiday

The Emergency Bank Act, followed by a 'Bank Holiday', brought an immediate halt to all banking operations, but allowed for a reform of the banking system.

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Court Packing Plan

President Roosevelt's 'Court Packing Plan' aimed to increase the Supreme Court's size to influence its decisions. This move was considered a power grab and ultimately failed.

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Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931 was a sign of its growing aggression, violating international agreements and marking a critical event toward WW2.

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Abyssinian Crisis

The Abyssinian Crisis (1931-36) involved Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, a fellow League member, showcasing the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations in preventing aggression.

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Remilitarization of the Rhineland

Hitler's re-militarization of the Rhineland (1935) violated the Treaty of Versailles, highlighting the weakening of international restrictions on Germany.

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Appeasement

Appeasement is a diplomatic strategy where a country allows another to take territory to avoid a war. This policy was practiced by Britain and France towards Germany's expansion, ultimately failing to prevent WW2.

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FDR's Four Freedoms

The idea that the U.S. should help other nations achieve the same freedoms enjoyed by Americans to prevent the loss of those freedoms.

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Pearl Harbor

A surprise attack launched by Japan against the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii, marking the U.S.'s entry into World War II.

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Atlantic Charter

A meeting between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941, where they outlined their vision for a post-war world.

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Great Depression

A period of widespread economic downturn in the 1930s, characterized by high unemployment, bank failures, and a decline in industrial production.

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Buying on Margin

A practice where consumers purchase goods or stocks by paying a small percentage of the total price and paying the rest over time.

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Underconsumption

An economic condition where there is a surplus of goods and services but not enough demand to consume them.

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Overproduction

An economic condition where the production of goods exceeds demand, leading to surplus and price drops.

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Stock Market Crash

A sharp decline in the value of stocks, leading to significant financial losses for investors.

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The New Deal

A program implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression through relief, recovery, and reform.

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Fireside Chats

A series of radio addresses by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, intended to provide reassurance and hope to the American people during the Great Depression.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

A government agency created to provide work for the unemployed and construct public works projects during the Great Depression.

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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A government agency that insured bank deposits, guaranteeing the safety of people's savings.

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

A government agency that regulated the stock market to prevent future crashes and promote investor confidence.

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Bank Holiday

An event where banks were temporarily closed to allow the government to reform the banking system and prevent further collapses.

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Economic Diplomacy

A policy where a nation uses its economic influence to exert control over other countries.

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U.S. Intervention in Mexico (1911-1917)

The U.S. involvement in Mexico from 1911 to 1917, marked by multiple revolutions and interventions by the U.S.

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Bolshevik Revolution (1917)

The 1917 event where the Russian Communist Party took control of the Russian government, leading to widespread fear of communism in the U.S.

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Red Scare (1917-1920)

A period of intense fear and anxiety in the U.S. about communism spreading, characterized by suspicion toward immigrants and workers.

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Palmer Raids (1919)

A series of nationwide raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice between 1919 and 1920 to arrest and deport suspected communists and anarchists.

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Spanish Pandemic (1918-1920)

A global pandemic that started in 1918 and lasted until 1920, causing millions of deaths worldwide.

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Boston Police Strike (1919)

A strike by Boston police officers in 1919, sparked by poor working conditions and wages, which led to the dismissal of the striking officers and the replacement with new staff.

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Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1921)

The trial and execution of two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were accused of murder in 1920. Their conviction was widely seen as based on prejudice against their anarchist beliefs and immigrant status, leading to much debate about justice and fairness.

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Scopes 'Monkey Trial' (1925)

A landmark trial in 1925, where a high school teacher was sued for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution, which clashed with fundamentalist religious views.

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Isolationism

A policy of avoiding involvement in international affairs, particularly wars, often adopted in the US after WWI and the Great Depression in response to the perceived danger of global conflict.

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Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)

A series of acts passed by the US Congress in the 1930s to restrict trade with warring nations, to prevent the US from becoming involved in another major war.

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Cash and Carry (1938)

A policy adopted by the US during World War II that allowed the US to provide war materials to Allied nations without directly engaging in combat, by allowing them to pay for goods and transport materials themselves.

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Lend-Lease Act (1939)

A policy implemented by the US during World War II that allowed the US to lend or lease war materials to Allied nations, helping them fight against the Axis powers.

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Quarantine Speech (1937)

A speech delivered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937 about the importance of America's role in global affairs and the need to be prepared to intervene against aggressors.

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Study Notes

Unit I: Populism and Industrialization

  • Populist Party (1892) formed from Grange Movement, gaining national support from farmers and industrial workers, and supported by Democrats.
  • Farmers faced economic hardship in the 1870s-1880s due to falling crop prices, rising farming machinery and freight costs, railroad exploitation, and debt cycles.
  • Railroads overcharged farmers for transportation and storage, contributing to their economic struggles. Lack of railroad regulation exacerbated the issue.
  • Omaha Platform (1892) outlined Populist Party goals: limiting industrialists' power, implementing a graduated income tax, regulating railroads and banks, and supporting bimetallism.
  • Populists also sought political reforms like direct election of Senators, initiatives/referendums, and secret ballots.
  • Industrial workers supported 8-hour work days and immigration control.
  • Impacts of Populism included the Sherman Antitrust Act, initiatives/referendums in states, and some unions achieving 8-hour work days.

Immigration

  • Immigrants came to the U.S. seeking opportunity, fleeing crises, supporting families, escaping oppression, and responding to employer recruitment.
  • Reactions to immigrants were mixed. Some employers favored cheap labor, while others feared job displacement for native-born White workers.
  • Concerns about crime, social disruption, and inferiority were also expressed, particularly towards immigrants from Asia, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe.
  • "Social Darwinism," a racist ideology, argued for the superiority of certain ethnic/racial groups.
  • The federal government claimed that immigrants endangered communities and brought radical ideas.
  • Immigrants from Northern and Western Europe were often welcomed due to perceived cultural/religious similarities.
  • Know Nothing Party advocated for tighter immigration restrictions, including limiting voting rights and citizenship requirements for immigrants.

Immigration Policies

  • Emergency Quota Act (1921): Limited immigration from each nationality to 3% of their population in the U.S. based on 1910 census.
  • National Origins Quota Act (1924): Further limited immigration to 2%, based on the 1890 census.

Unit II: Progressive Era (1890’s - 1920’s)

  • Progressive Movement: A period of political and social reform responding to industrialization and immigration problems.
  • Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed societal problems.
  • Progressives included middle-class people (especially women), clergy, and others.
  • Goals: Government regulation, increased voting rights, limiting political bosses, improving workers' rights and conditions for immigrants/poor, cleaning up cities, ending Jim Crow and segregation, and moving beyond laissez-faire economics.
  • Impacts included the Clayton Antitrust Act, improved building codes, better sanitation, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, labor rights reform, greater use of initiatives/referendums, and recall rights for voters.
  • Amendments 16, 17, and 19 were also passed. Unfortunately, segregation was also established or exacerbated during the Progressive Era.

Unit III: U.S. Foreign Policy

  • Monroe Doctrine: An American statement that European powers should not interfere in the Americas, and the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs or colonize Europe.

  • Imperialism: One nation imposing its ideals onto another for political, economic, or military influence.

    • McKinley Era Shifts: Shifting away from solely continental expansion; seeking global influence.

  • McKinley: Annexation of Hawaii (1898) following a coup by American businessmen, exploiting Hawaii's economic assets and strategically placing it as a military base. Spanish-American War (1898) led to seizing Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the U.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. The Platt Amendment restricted Cuba's independence.

  • Philippine-American War (1899-1902): Filipino resistance to U.S. control led to a protracted war with significant civilian casualties.

  • Open Door Policy (1899-1900): Advocated for an open market in China and equal trade opportunity for all nations.

  • Roosevelt: Roosevelt Corollary (1904): Expanded the Monroe Doctrine to include intervention in disputes in the Western Hemisphere, establishing the US as “policeman of the Americas”. - Russo-Japanese War (1905-1906) mediation by Roosevelt showed US global influence. - Panama Canal (1907-1914) construction demonstrates US ambition and economic power.

  • Taft: Dollar Diplomacy (1909-1913): Advocated for using economic, not military, power to shape international relations. Mixed results in stability creation internationally.

  • Wilson: Intervention in Mexico (1911): U.S. involvement in Mexican conflicts, including sending troops to quell unrest, leading to conflicts and a prolonged intervention.

  • WWI (1914-1918) U.S. entry in 1917: Triggered by the Zimmermann Telegram (German attempt to ally Mexico against U.S.), German unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania and Sussex), yellow journalism and British propaganda, financial ties to Great Britain, and the U.S.'s desire for global democratic ideals.

  • Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” aimed to spread American ideals abroad.

  • Cultural/Social Issues: Bolshevik Revolution, Red Scare (1917-1920), Palmer Raids (1919), Spanish Pandemic (1918-1920), Boston Police Strike (1919), Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1920-1921), Scopes Monkey Trial (1925): Led to fear of communism and harsh discrimination against immigrant groups. League of Nations failure contributed towards isolationism after WWI.

  • Moving Towards WWII: Isolationist tendencies and Neutrality Acts (1935, 1937), Cash and Carry (1938), Lend-Lease (1939), and Four Freedoms (1941) reflect the gradual shift away from isolationism and acknowledgement of global threats.   - Pearl Harbor (1941): Japan’s attack on U.S. naval base, triggering U.S. entry into World War II.

Unit IV: Great Depression (1929–1939)

  • Economic Situation After WWI: Buying on margin, wealth inequality, overproduction, underconsumption, and bank issues created an unstable market vulnerable to a crash.

  • Causes of Great Depression: Stock Market Crash (1929), bank failures, international trade collapse, exacerbated by tariffs.

  • U.S. Presidents: Harding (Return to Normalcy); Coolidge (Laissez-Faire); Hoover (Bonus March, Smoot-Hawley Tariff, Hoovervilles).

Unit V: The New Deal

  • New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to combat the Great Depression with relief, recovery, and reform.

  • Successes: Fireside Chats, Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Federal Emergency Relief Act, Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Tennessee Valley Authority.

  • Failures: Discrimination against African Americans in New Deal programs, the National Recovery Act's unconstitutionality, Supreme Court opposition to New Deal legislation, issues with the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and potentially, the Tennessee Valley Authority’s unintended consequences.

Unit VI: Movement Towards WWII

  • Events Leading to War: Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, the Abyssinian Crisis, German expansion (Rhineland, Anschluss, Sudetenland), Spanish Civil War, and the ineffective League of Nations challenged pre-war international order.
  • Challenges of the League of Nations: Failure to effectively enforce treaties, resolve conflicts, or prevent further aggressive expansion.

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Explore the rise of the Populist Party and its role in the socioeconomic struggles faced by farmers and industrial workers in late 19th century America. This quiz covers key concepts like the Omaha Platform, railroad regulation, and political reforms sought by the Populists. Test your knowledge on the impacts of Populism on American society and legislation.

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