US History: Election of 1912 Overview

Questions and Answers

Which candidate represented the Democrats in the Election of 1912?

Charles Evans Hughes

Woodrow Wilson (correct)

Theodore Roosevelt

William Howard Taft

What was New Nationalism?

A platform that campaigned for stronger control of trusts, woman suffrage, and social welfare.

What did the New Freedom platform advocate for?

It favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and unregulated markets.

What is 'the triple wall of privilege'?

Tariffs, banks, and trusts. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Underwood Tariff Bill do?

It significantly reduced tariff rates and implemented a graduated income tax. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 16th Amendment accomplish?

It gave Congress the power to tax income. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Federal Reserve Act establish?

A system of federal banks to control the money supply. Signup and view all the answers

What were Federal Reserve Notes?

Paper currency issued by the Federal Reserve. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 authorize?

A commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

It strengthened the Sherman Act and protected labor unions. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 accomplish?

Made loans available to farmers at low rates of interest. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Warehouse Act of 1916 authorize?

Loans on the security of staple crops. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the La Follette Seamen's Act?

To benefit sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916 do?

Gave assistance to federal civil-service employees during disability. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 prohibit?

Interstate commerce of goods made by children. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Adamson Act of 1916 establish?

An 8-hour workday for all employees on trains in interstate commerce. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Louis D. Brandeis?

The first Jew to be nominated as a Supreme Court justice. Signup and view all the answers

What were Wilson's views on foreign policy?

He was an anti-imperialist and withdrew from aggressive foreign policy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?

Negotiated with Colombia to allow the U.S. to dig the Panama Canal without British involvement. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912?

It was repealed in 1914 by Wilson. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Jones Act of 1916 grant to the Philippines?

Territorial status with the promise of independence once stable government was achieved. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred in Haiti in 1915?

Political turmoil led Wilson to dispatch marines to protect American lives. Signup and view all the answers

How did Wilson expand Caribbean holdings?

He purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917. Signup and view all the answers

What was happening in Mexico under Wilson's presidency?

The Mexican Revolution; the president was murdered and replaced by General Victoriano Huerta. Signup and view all the answers

What prompted Wilson to get involved in the Mexican Revolution?

A small party of American sailors was accidentally captured by Mexicans. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Venustiano Carranza?

The successor of Huerta and President of Mexico after Huerta was overthrown. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Francisco Villa?

"Pancho Villa" who attempted to provoke a war between Mexico and the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What was General John J. Pershing's campaign against Pancho Villa?

An unsuccessful military campaign to capture Villa. Signup and view all the answers

How did World War I start?

Franz Ferdinand was killed by Serbians, leading to a series of alliances and mobilizations. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Allied Powers?

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What did President Wilson issue after the declaration of WWI?

A neutrality agreement stating the U.S. would not involve itself. Signup and view all the answers

What was the American attitude towards Germany at the beginning of WWI?

Most Americans were anti-Germany but opposed war. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II?

The Kaiser of Germany during WWI, reigning from 1888-1918. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of WWI on American industries at the beginning of the war?

American industry prospered off trade with the Allies. Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Lusitania in 1915?

It was sunk by a German submarine, killing 128 Americans. Signup and view all the answers

What was the American response after the sinking of the Lusitania?

The American people demanded war, but Wilson was reluctant. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Arabic?

The second British ship sunk by Germany in 1915. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Sussex?

The third French ship that Germany sank. Signup and view all the answers

What did Wilson do after Germany sunk the Sussex?

He informed Germany that he would break diplomatic relations unless they stopped unrestricted submarine warfare. Signup and view all the answers

Who did the Republicans choose in the Election of 1916?

Charles Evans Hughes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson represented the Democrats with a progressive platform emphasizing antitrust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions.
Theodore Roosevelt formed a third party with the New Nationalism platform advocating for stronger trust controls and social welfare programs.

New Freedom

Wilson's 1912 platform focused on small enterprises, entrepreneurship, and unregulated markets, opposing social-welfare programs and supporting trust fragmentation.

Triple Wall of Privilege

Wilson aimed to tackle tariffs, banks, and trusts simultaneously as part of his economic reforms.

Underwood Tariff Bill

Enacted in 1913, it significantly lowered tariff rates and introduced a graduated income tax for incomes exceeding $3000.

16th Amendment

Ratified in 1913, it granted Congress the power to tax income.

Federal Reserve Act

Established in 1913, it created a federal banking system allowing government control over the money supply and resulting in the formation of the Federal Reserve Board.

Federal Reserve Notes

Issued by the Federal Reserve Board, these paper currencies replaced previous federal currencies and facilitated flexible money circulation.

Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914

Created a commission to oversee industries in interstate commerce, aimed at dismantling monopolies.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914

Enhanced the Sherman Act by prohibiting interlocking directorates, protecting labor unions, and holding corporate officers accountable for antitrust violations.

Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916

Provided low-interest loans to farmers.

Warehouse Act of 1916

Allowed loans secured by staple crop collateral.

La Follette Seamen's Act of 1915

Mandated decent treatment and living wages for sailors on American vessels.

Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916

Offered assistance to federal civil-service employees during disabilities.

Keating-Owen Act of 1916

Banned interstate commerce of goods produced by child labor.

Adamson Act of 1916

Instituted an 8-hour workday for railroad employees engaged in interstate commerce.

Louis D. Brandeis

Became the first Jewish Supreme Court justice, nominated by Wilson.

Wilson's Foreign Policy Views

Adopted an anti-imperialist stance, stepping back from aggressive foreign policies.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Negotiations allowing the U.S. to build the Panama Canal without British interference.

Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912

A repealed bill seen as unfair to Britain, exempting the U.S. from trading tolls.

Jones Act of 1916

Granted the Philippines territorial status, promising eventual independence.

Haiti in 1915

Wilson intervened due to political instability, sending marines for protection and overseeing finances.

Expansion of Caribbean Holdings

The U.S. bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.

Mexican Revolution Under Wilson

Instabilities arose following the murder of President Francisco I. Madero, leading many Mexicans to migrate to the U.S.

Wilson's Involvement in Mexico

Initiated action after American sailors were captured in Veracruz, leading to a military intervention.

Venustiano Carranza

Took over as President of Mexico after Huerta's regime was toppled.

Francisco Villa

Attempted to instigate conflict with the U.S. through violent actions against Americans.

General John J. Pershing

Led a failed military endeavor to apprehend Villa before retreating due to the looming threat of WWI.

Outbreak of WWI

Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to a barrage of alliances and militarization.

Central Powers

Comprised Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers

Included Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the U.S.

U.S. Neutrality at WWI's Start

Wilson issued a neutrality agreement in 1914, aiming to keep the U.S. uninvolved.

American Sentiment Toward Germany

Initially, public sentiment was largely anti-German as Kaiser Wilhelm II symbolized autocratic leadership.

Impact of WWI on American Industry

U.S. industries thrived through trade with Allies, facing protests from Germany but maintaining neutrality laws.

Sinking of Lusitania

British ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, resulting in the death of 128 Americans, which led to calls for u.s. intervention.

American Response to Lusitania

Public demand for war increased, yet Wilson remained hesitant to engage.

Sinking of Arabic and Sussex

Further sinkings by German forces heightened tensions, prompting Wilson to demand an end to unrestricted submarine warfare.

Election of 1916

Wilson won re-election running an anti-war campaign against Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes.

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Description

Explore the pivotal Election of 1912, highlighting Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom agenda and Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism. Understand key reforms like the Underwood Tariff Bill, the establishment of the Federal Reserve, and the implications of the 16th Amendment on taxation. This quiz provides insights into the political landscape and economic policies of early 20th century America.