U.S. History: Chapters 20 & 21 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What was the Farmer's Alliance?

Movement to form local organizations to advance farmers' collective interests (correct)

A military organization

A political party

An industrial union

What is the People's Party also known as?

Populist Party

What event is referred to as the Homestead lockout?

1892 lockout of workers at the Homestead steel mill

What was a key outcome of the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894?

Successfully maintained an eight-hour workday Signup and view all the answers

What was the Pullman boycott?

A nationwide boycott of trains carrying Pullman cars in 1894 Signup and view all the answers

What is the NAWSA?

A suffrage organization formed in 1890 Signup and view all the answers

Who led Coxey's Army?

Jacob S. Coxey Signup and view all the answers

What was the Boxer Uprising?

An antiforeign uprising in China Signup and view all the answers

What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?

The Western Hemisphere was closed to colonization by European powers Signup and view all the answers

What was the Open Door Policy?

A policy recommending equal trading rights in China Signup and view all the answers

What did the Spanish-American War aim to achieve?

To free Cuba from Spanish colonial rule Signup and view all the answers

What does the term yellow journalism refer to?

Sensationalistic newspaper reporting Signup and view all the answers

Why did American farmers organize alliances in the late nineteenth century?

To fight against unfair treatment from railroads and economic hardship Signup and view all the answers

What led to the labor wars of the 1890s?

Desire for the right to organize and speak through unions Signup and view all the answers

How did women's temperance activism contribute to woman suffrage?

Many leaders were involved in both movements Signup and view all the answers

Why was the People's Party unable to win the 1896 election?

The Democratic Party adopted many of its causes Signup and view all the answers

Why did the United States abandon its isolationist foreign policy in the 1890s?

Pressure from economic interests and expansionist policies Signup and view all the answers

What is progressivism?

A reform movement advocating government activism Signup and view all the answers

What are settlement houses?

Institutions established in poor neighborhoods Signup and view all the answers

What does social gospel refer to?

A vision of Christianity focused on societal reform Signup and view all the answers

What was reform Darwinism?

A sociological theory advocating for active intervention to solve social issues Signup and view all the answers

What is muckraking?

Journalism exposing corruption in business and government Signup and view all the answers

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

Extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention rights in Latin America Signup and view all the answers

What was the New Nationalism?

Theodore Roosevelt's campaign slogan supporting federal regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the New Freedom?

Woodrow Wilson's campaign slogan promoting limited government Signup and view all the answers

What did the Socialist Party advocate for?

Cooperation over competition and the breakdown of capitalism Signup and view all the answers

What was the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?

A radical union founded to organize unskilled workers Signup and view all the answers

What did the birth control movement aim to achieve?

Alter social and political power relationships through contraception Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

Upheld the legality of racial segregation Signup and view all the answers

What types of people were drawn to the progressive movement?

Middle and upper-class Americans seeking reform Signup and view all the answers

How did progressives justify their demand for more activist government?

Common people lacked power against corporations Signup and view all the answers

How did Theodore Roosevelt advance the progressive agenda?

By promoting regulations for corporations and worker rights Signup and view all the answers

How did Woodrow Wilson's reform program evolve during his first term?

By lowering tariffs and adjusting banking systems Signup and view all the answers

How did race, class, and gender shape the limits of progressive reform?

Through various prejudices and attitudes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Farmer's Alliance

A movement in the 1880s seeking to unite farmers for collective interests.
Consolidated into the Northwestern and Southern Farmers' Alliance.
Launched the People's Party in 1892.

People's Party (Populist Party)

Formed in 1892 by the Farmers' Alliance for economic democracy.
Advocated various reforms for land, banking, and monetary policies.
The party declined after the 1896 presidential election.

Homestead Lockout

Occurred in 1892 when Andrew Carnegie locked out workers to avoid a union strike.
Resulted in violent confrontations between union supporters and hired guards.
The National Guard intervened, suppressing the strike.

Cripple Creek Miners' Strike (1894)

Led by the Western Federation of Miners against an extended workday.
Local businessmen and the Populist governor supported the miners.
Successfully secured the eight-hour workday.

Pullman Boycott

A nationwide 1894 boycott against trains carrying Pullman cars.
Sparked by wage cuts and the firing of union leaders.
Ended violently when federal troops intervened, resulting in arrests.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Formed in 1890 from the merger of two suffrage organizations.
Focused on state-level campaigns for women’s voting rights.
Notable successes in states like Idaho, Colorado, and Utah by the 1890s.

Coxey's Army

A march to Washington, D.C., in 1894 by unemployed men advocating for public works.
Led by Jacob S. Coxey; aimed to pressure Congress for job creation.
Ultimately failed to enact federal relief legislation.

Boxer Uprising

An antiforeign rebellion in China, resulting in thousands of deaths.
International forces intervened to rescue foreigners in Beijing.
The Boxer Protocol imposed severe penalties on China in 1901.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration asserting the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization.
Pledged U.S. non-involvement in European conflicts.
Strengthened in the late 19th century.

Open Door Policy

Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay (1899-1900).
Advocated equal trading rights in China for all major powers while preserving its sovereignty.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 aimed at liberating Cuba from Spanish rule.
Resulted in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Yellow Journalism

Sensational reporting that exacerbated public support for the Spanish-American War.
Popularized through competition between New York City newspapers.

Farmers' Alliances Formation Reasons

Farmers faced debt from falling crop prices and rising shipping rates.
Unfair railroad practices prompted collective organization for power.

Labor Wars of the 1890s

Workers sought to secure rights for union organization and collective bargaining.
Demands included improved wages and working conditions post-industrialization.

Women's Temperance Activism and Suffrage

Prominent women’s rights figures were involved in temperance and suffrage causes.
Collaboration fostered a unified front for women’s voting rights.

People's Party and 1896 Election Failure

It lost momentum as the Democratic Party adopted many of its reforms.
Internal conflicts contributed to its decline.

Shift from Isolationism in the 1890s

U.S. moved away from isolationism as it faced pressures to engage in foreign affairs.
Influences of manifest destiny and internal expansion had previously minimized European involvement.

Progressivism

Reform movement aimed at addressing issues from urban industrialization.
Gained momentum with the establishment of the Progressive Party in 1912.

Settlement Houses

Established in poverty-stricken neighborhoods to alleviate class divides.
Advocated by reformers like Jane Addams, focusing on community service.

A movement advocating societal reform in addition to individual salvation.
Emerged as a counter to social Darwinism and the idea of wealth as divine favor.

Reform Darwinism

A sociological theory from the 1880s suggesting humans could influence evolution socially.
Advocated for government intervention to solve societal issues.

Muckraking

Early 20th-century journalism aimed at exposing corruption in business and government.
Coined by Theodore Roosevelt, highlighting its impactful social role.

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 expansion of the Monroe Doctrine.
Asserted the U.S. right to intervene in Latin America to protect interests.

The New Nationalism

Roosevelt's 1912 campaign slogan advocating for federal regulation of corporations.
Emphasized government as a protector of public welfare against monopolies.

The New Freedom

Wilson's 1912 campaign focused on limited government intervention.
Aimed at breaking up monopolies to enhance opportunities for smaller businesses.

Socialist Party

Formed in 1900, promoting communal solutions over capitalist competition.
Attracted primarily middle-class individuals disillusioned with mainstream parties.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, aimed at organizing unskilled workers and opposing capitalism.
Famed for advocating direct actions and extreme measures like strikes and sabotage.

Birth Control Movement

Initiated in 1915 by Margaret Sanger, seeking to empower through contraception.
Aimed to reform social and political dynamics by controlling population growth.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision legitimizing racial segregation.
Established the "separate but equal" doctrine for public facilities.

Progressive Movement and Socioeconomic Diversity

Attracted individuals across various classes, especially middle to upper classes.
Conflict and reform interest stemmed from fears of socialist backlash among elites.

Justification for Activist Government

Progressives insisted on government regulation due to corporate dominance over common individuals.
Advocated for reforms to maintain a semblance of economic balance and fairness.

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Advances

His domestic policy embodied the Square Deal, emphasizing fairness for all societal segments.
Promoted regulation of monopolies and enacted significant public health reforms.

Wilson's Reform Evolution

Focused on adjusting tariffs and banking systems during his presidency.
Supported significant antitrust legislation to promote fair competition.

Limits of Progressive Reform

Prejudices related to race, class, and gender often hindered inclusive reform efforts.
Reflective of broader societal attitudes and discriminatory practices of the era.

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Test your knowledge of the key concepts in U.S. History chapters 20 and 21 with these informative flashcards. Explore significant movements such as the Farmer's Alliance and the emergence of the People's Party. Perfect for studying and reviewing essential historical themes from the late 19th century.