U.S. History Chapter on Federal Government Issues

Henry believed a strong central government was dangerous as it lacked strong protections for individual rights and favored a more powerful role for states.

He warned that a strong central government could lead to the emergence of an aristocracy, which he believed was detrimental to democracy.

Madison argued that the Constitution provided the necessary power for economic unity and to ensure that the U.S. could pay its debts.

<p>Early laws tailored to cement racial and sex discrimination, particularly through voting laws that excluded women and African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The government declared slavery to be a state issue, allowing states to define citizenship and rights without a federal stance on the matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The government assumed Native Americans would embrace private property, not recognizing their differing cultural values regarding land use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outcome was the establishment of judicial review, allowing the courts to invalidate laws that were unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key problems included the ineffective Non-Importation Act and the devastating Embargo Act, which harmed the U.S. economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Treaty of Ghent aimed to end the fighting in the War of 1812 and established terms for prisoner exchange and territory adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Federalists held the Hartford Convention, expressing concerns about secession and their lack of support for the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Democratic-Republicans began to realize that modernizing and supporting industry was beneficial, shifting some of their previous views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Louisiana Purchase significantly expanded U.S. territory, providing access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cotton gin made cotton production viable, leading to an increase in the demand for slave labor and significant forced migrations of enslaved people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Native American societies were often structured with one central ruler, exhibiting disunity between communities, making it easier for Europeans to conquer. The continent was diverse, comprising a variety of cultures and languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary motivations included the pursuit of wealth (through gold, spices, and sugar), the desire to convert people to Christianity, and competition among European states. Additionally, the need for land for overpopulated nations played a role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spain employed violent and forceful methods, such as the encomienda system, while France focused on blending cultures and had fewer settlers. France's approach, although less profitable, was generally viewed as more sustainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>England aimed to relieve overpopulation, address religious turmoil, and prevent Spanish dominance, while Spain was primarily focused on acquiring wealth and converting natives. This led to different settlement patterns and colonial goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regional societies developed based on agricultural viability, religious motivations, and resource availability, influenced by both push factors (like overcrowding) and pull factors (such as economic opportunities).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Technology, such as improved ship design and navigational tools, along with knowledge of wind patterns and currents, enabled longer and more effective sea voyages for exploration and trade. This advancement facilitated the success of their expeditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition led to aggressive colonization tactics, as nations sought to outmaneuver each other economically and religiously, often resulting in violent confrontations and territorial disputes. This rivalry shaped their strategies and interactions with Indigenous populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The encomienda system subjected Indigenous populations to forced labor and conversion to Christianity, drastically impacting their cultures and societies, often leading to their exploitation and decline. These implications highlighted the violent nature of Spanish colonization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>They declared independence and wrote the Articles of Confederation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He argued it was democratic because land was attainable for any man willing to work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sydnor argued that despite a high percentage of eligible voters, an aristocracy excluded normal people from power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He viewed the colonies as a small part of a larger monarchial system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He argued that colonists should only be taxed with their consent and deserved representation in Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He asserted that while Parliament had the right to regulate trade, it could not impose taxes without consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that England's harsh tone was making patriot allegiance less viable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quincy expressed concern about violence and disorder that might ensue from the revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Britain thought their troops were stronger and would ensure victory by capturing major cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Americans had home field advantage, a large recruiting pool, involvement from France, and many troops who were hunters skilled with rifles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The British struggled to adapt quickly to the unconventional American fighting tactics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congress lacked the power to tax, which made it difficult to raise revenue to operate the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consumer culture unified the colonies through shared goods and interests, creating cooperation against British taxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tea was a universally consumed item and its taxation became a political statement about colonial rights and status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three branches are the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressed powers are those specifically granted to the national government, such as the power to levy taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The controversy was largely resolved when Federalists agreed to include a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concurrent powers are those held by both the national and state governments, such as the power to tax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress to make laws required to execute its expressed powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Federalists favored a strong central government, while Anti-Federalists preferred power to remain with the states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rich largely remained wealthy, and economic property structures were mostly unchanged post-Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The new government struggled with British and Spanish hostility and vulnerability due to weak governance under the Articles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by a two-thirds majority in Congress and ratified by three-fourths of the states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Monroe Doctrine stated that the US would not interfere in European affairs, and in return, Europe would not seek new territories in the Western Hemisphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'corrupt bargain' refers to the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, where Clay supported Adams in exchange for a government position, leading to a split in the Republican Party.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Democrats were wary of high tariffs due to increased prices, while Whigs supported tariffs to promote industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Andrew Jackson opposed banks, believing they favored the elite, and allowed the Second Bank of the US to expire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The North experienced rapid industrial growth, with manufacturing, finance, and shipping becoming central to its economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Texas settlers largely ignored Mexico's requirements, opting to remain non-Catholic, keep slaves, and show disloyalty to the Mexican government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifest Destiny was the belief that the US was destined to expand across North America, benefiting American settlers through access to resources and new lands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The U.S. gained California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Colorado from the Mexican-American War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Wilmot Proviso aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, promoting the idea of free states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, established borders for Texas, and allowed New Mexico and Utah to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The temperance movement aimed to combat alcohol abuse, believing it led to social problems like poverty and domestic violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediatists called for the immediate end of slavery, while gradualists supported a slow approach to avoid social upheaval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The North saw urban growth and a diverse population with many immigrants, while the South had a smaller middle class and relied heavily on enslaved labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venture Smith highlighted the literate experiences of slaves and described the terrible conditions of slave raiding in West Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dancckaerts found the poor behavior of Chesapeake planters appalling as they wasted money on drinking and gambling while neglecting their families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eddis argued that indentured servants faced worse physical conditions than slaves, as employers had a financial incentive for servants to die before completing their term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walsh was appalled by the terrible conditions aboard the slave ship, noting inadequate food, cramped living spaces, and the prevalence of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They linked tensions to the Papists’ desire to build a new church, which led to accusations from the Putnams against those opposing their plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Woodsman was worried that untrained new ministers could mislead congregants, leading them away from proper Christianity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Great Awakening shifted religious values toward a more emotional approach, emphasizing personal involvement and closer relationships with God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonists resented the Stamp Act as they felt their rights were violated by being taxed without representation in Parliament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Boston Massacre resulted in British soldiers shooting into a crowd, killing several Americans, who were later acquitted of murder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Committees of Correspondence aimed to establish a network among patriots to track British actions and coordinate resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Declaratory Act asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies 'in all cases whatsoever,' reinforcing British authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Continental Association enforced non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation of British goods as a protest strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first Continental Congress was prompted by colonial grievances against British policies, particularly regarding taxation and representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The armed conflict in Lexington and Concord was ignited when British troops attempted to confiscate colonial military supplies, prompting patriots to resist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary economic driver was cash crop agriculture, especially tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chesapeake colonies had significantly more men than women, while New England had many families and children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Puritans primarily settled in New England colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The headright system was used, granting 50 acres of land to settlers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New England had many towns with close-knit communities, while the Chesapeake had few towns and more plantations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was strained due to differing views on land ownership, with settlers favoring private property while Natives preferred communal rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The increase in cash crop production and labor shortages made slavery more crucial to the economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhode Island became a major hub for the transatlantic slave trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious tolerance and farming potential drove the establishment of Pennsylvania.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacon's Rebellion exposed class tensions between poor settlers and the elite governing class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slavery was least common in New Hampshire, where it was mainly used for domestic work and small-scale agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major crops in South Carolina included rice and indigo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massachusetts legalized slavery in 1641 but also saw early abolitionist movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New England practiced subsistence agriculture, while Southern colonies focused on cash crops.</p> Signup and view all the answers