Questions and Answers
What percentage of the South's white population owned no slaves?
Which of the following describes the living conditions of mountain people?
New Orleans was among the 15 largest cities in the South in 1860.
True
The South developed a unique outlook and culture based on ________.
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What was the code of chivalry associated with?
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What professions were acceptable for gentlemen in the upper class of the South?
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Religion had no impact on church membership in the South regarding slavery.
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Who were the original settlers of the West?
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By 1850, where were the majority of American Indians living?
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What revolutionized life for American Indians on the Great Plains?
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Match the following perspectives on slavery:
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The interpretation of slavery as a patriarchal and benign institution has been widely discredited today.
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What did Daniel Webster refer to when discussing the dangers of sectional differences?
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What were the main sections of the United States during the 1820s?
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What characterized the Northern states in the early 19th century?
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By the 1850s, most Northerners were involved in manufacturing rather than agriculture.
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What was significant about the population growth in Northern cities by 1850?
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What major cash crop became the foundation of the Southern economy?
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The Old Northwest consisted of six states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and _________.
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What did the Massachusetts Supreme Court rule in the case of Commonwealth vs. Hunt?
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Nativists welcomed the influx of immigrants into the United States.
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By 1860, how many African Americans lived in the North?
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What major challenges did free African Americans face in the South?
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The phrase 'cotton is king' reflects the economic importance of ________ in the South.
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What was one result of the cotton boom in the South?
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Slavery was viewed as an institution beneficial for both slaves and their owners by some Southerners.
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How did the Southern whites maintain their power?
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Which group primarily worked as strikebreakers in the North?
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What were the main motivations for German immigrants coming to the United States?
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The vast majority of Southern whites were wealthy planters.
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The antebellum South was characterized by a distinct hierarchy in ________ society.
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Study Notes
Sectionalism Overview
- Sectionalism refers to the loyalty of regions in the U.S. during the 1820-1860 period, highlighting differences among the North, South, and West.
- Daniel Webster emphasized the dangers of these divisions in his 1850 statement about geographic regions provoking conflict.
- The U.S. displayed a unique political framework, balancing a strong central government with self-governing states, but regional differences persisted.
The North
- The North was divided into two regions: the Northeast (New England and Middle Atlantic states) and the Old Northwest (Ohio to Minnesota).
- Economic growth in the North stemmed from commercial farming and industrial innovation, with agriculture remaining the main occupation for most inhabitants.
- Population growth in the North was fueled by high birth rates and significant immigration.
Industrial Northeast
- The Industrial Revolution began with textiles, evolving into diverse manufacturing by the 1830s, producing goods like clocks and shoes.
Organized Labor
- Industrialization shifted independent farmers and artisans into wage-dependent factory work.
- Labor unions emerged to address common urban worker issues, with the first in Philadelphia (1828).
- Significant legal victories included the 1842 Massachusetts Supreme Court ruling in Commonwealth v. Hunt affirming unions' rights to negotiate.
Urban Life
- The urban population of the North increased from 5% in 1800 to 15% by 1850, leading to overcrowding and slums.
- Rapid urban growth brought issues like poor sanitation, crime, and disease, yet city attractions drew both native-born Americans and European immigrants.
African Americans in the North
- By 1860, 250,000 African Americans lived in the North, representing 1% of the population.
- Despite some freedoms, they faced significant racial discrimination, limiting their economic and political opportunities.
- Displaced by immigrants, many African Americans were excluded from unions and often served as strikebreakers.
The Agricultural Northwest
- The Old Northwest comprised states like Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, established before 1860.
- This region transitioned from an unsettled frontier to an agricultural area connected by canals and railroads.
Agricultural Practices
- Corn and wheat were major cash crops in the Northwest, with technological advances like the steel plow and mechanical reaper enhancing productivity.
- Harvests fed livestock and supplied materials for distillation.
New Cities in the Northwest
- Transportation hubs like Buffalo, Chicago, and Cincinnati developed into major cities, processing and transferring agricultural goods.
Immigration Surge
- Immigration dramatically increased in the 1830s, peaking at over 428,000 in 1854, with around 4 million northern Europeans arriving by 1860.
- Immigrants primarily settled in northern cities, contributing labor and consumer demand.
Irish Immigration
- Around 2 million Irish immigrants fled the potato famine in the 1840s, facing discrimination due to their Catholic faith.
- They congregated in cities for support and engaged in local politics, gradually gaining influence within the Democratic Party.
German Immigration
- Economic hardship and failed democratic revolutions led over 1 million Germans to emigrate in the 1840s and 1850s.
- Many settled in the Northwest, where they established farms and contributed to public education and anti-slavery movements.
Nativism
- Native-born Americans expressed fears over immigrants taking jobs, leading to violence and the formation of anti-foreign organizations such as the Know-Nothing Party.
- Nativist sentiments fluctuated, resurfacing during times of high immigration.
The South
- The South was characterized by a distinctive culture and reliance on agriculture, particularly cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane.
- By 1861, it consisted of 15 states, most joined the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Agriculture and King Cotton
- Cotton dominated the Southern economy, producing two-thirds of U.S. exports, with the region's write reliance on the crop leading to westward expansion.
- The invention of the cotton gin significantly boosted cotton production, creating ties with British textile mills.
Slavery as 'Peculiar Institution'
- Wealth in the South was determined by land ownership and slaveholding. Slavery was viewed as property, with justifications based on economic necessity.
Southern Population and Slave Life
- Slave populations soared from 1 million in 1800 to nearly 4 million by 1860, with slaves making up a large fraction in certain areas.
- Conditions varied significantly among plantations, with some enslaved people facing harsh treatment while others experienced relative humanity.
Resistance and Free African Americans
- Enslaved individuals resisted through slow work, sabotage, and, occasionally, uprisings like those led by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner.
- By 1860, approximately 250,000 free African Americans existed in the South but faced racial discrimination and legal restrictions.
Southern Society Structure
- Southern society was hierarchical, with wealthy planters at the top and poor whites at the bottom.
- Many poor whites, although lacking slaves, defended the institution of slavery to maintain a sense of social superiority.
Education and Aristocracy
- The Southern elite prioritized education for their children, establishing a distinct cultural outlook influenced by cotton economics and the institution of slavery.### Professions and Education
- Acceptable professions for gentlemen included farming, law, ministry, and military service.
- Lower classes often lacked access to education beyond elementary grades.
- Laws strictly prohibited slaves from learning to read or write to prevent revolts.
Religion and Slavery
- The slavery question significantly influenced church memberships.
- Methodist and Baptist churches gained membership in the South by supporting slavery while splitting from Northern counterparts in the 1840s.
- Unitarian churches, which opposed slavery, experienced declining membership and hostility.
- Catholic and Episcopalian churches adopted neutral stances on slavery, leading to a decline in their Southern membership.
Expansion and Definition of "The West"
- The definition of "the West" evolved as the U.S. expanded.
- In the 1600s, "the West" encompassed lands beyond the Atlantic coast.
- By the mid-1800s, it referred to areas beyond the Mississippi River, including California and Oregon.
American Indians and Assimilation
- American Indians were the original settlers of North America, forced westward by white settlers from Columbus's time onward.
- By 1850, the majority of American Indians resided west of the Mississippi River due to disease, conflict, and forced removal.
Life on the Plains
- The introduction of horses by the Spanish revolutionized the lifestyle of American Indians on the Great Plains.
- Some tribes transitioned to nomadic hunting, following buffalo, while others continued farming in villages.
- Nomadic tribes found it easier to evade or resist encroaching settlers.
The Frontier Concept
- The frontier's location changed over generations, but its concept remained consistent, symbolizing new beginnings.
- The West was imagined as a land of freedom for diverse ethnic groups, including American Indians, European Americans, and eventually Asians.
Mountain Men
- In the 1820s, Rocky Mountains represented a wilderness frontier for white Americans, with exploration following paths established by Lewis and Clark.
- Mountain men became vital guides for settlers migrating to California and Oregon in the 1840s.
Daily Life of White Settlers
- White settlers in the 1840s and 1850s faced challenges similar to early colonists, working hard from dawn until dusk.
- Settlements were often in log cabins or sod huts, with greater risks from disease and malnutrition compared to conflicts with American Indians.
Roles of Pioneer Women
- Pioneer women, living in isolation, fulfilled multiple roles such as doctor, teacher, seamstress, and farm assistant.
- The demanding work and limitations of frontier life contributed to shorter lifespans for women.
Environmental Impact of Settlers
- Settlers lacked awareness of land and wildlife preservation, leading to forest clearing and soil depletion.
- Trapping and hunting pushed species like beavers and buffalo toward extinction.
Historical Perspectives on Slavery (Part 1)
- Slavery fundamentally shaped the South's character and its differences with the North.
- Early scholarship viewed slavery as a failing institution with paternalistic owners but was later challenged by historical evidence of conflict.
- Recent scholarship highlights slaves' resilience and the development of a unique African American culture.
Historical Perspectives on Slavery (Part 2)
- Economic analyses have questioned whether slave labor was more profitable than free labor.
- While earlier views suggested limited profitability, contemporary evidence supports slavery's economic viability.
- Regional variations in slave experiences led to differences in culture and living conditions, reflecting the complexity of slavery's impact on society.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key themes and events of sectionalism in the United States from 1820 to 1860. This quiz covers important quotes and historical contexts, helping you understand the political and social dynamics of this period. Prepare for a deeper appreciation of America's sectional divisions and their implications.
