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Questions and Answers
Which section favored the National Bank and believed it provided money for factories and investments?
Which section favored the National Bank and believed it provided money for factories and investments?
The South was against tariffs as they believed it would lead to a smaller demand for their products.
The South was against tariffs as they believed it would lead to a smaller demand for their products.
True
What did the Compromise of 1850 establish regarding California?
What did the Compromise of 1850 establish regarding California?
free state
The Dred Scott Decision upheld slavery in the United States and stated that any enslaved and free black people were not citizens of the United States, thus slaves couldn't legally become ____.
The Dred Scott Decision upheld slavery in the United States and stated that any enslaved and free black people were not citizens of the United States, thus slaves couldn't legally become ____.
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Match the following amendments with their descriptions:
Match the following amendments with their descriptions:
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What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
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Who were the generals leading the Union and Confederacy in the Battle of Gettysburg?
Who were the generals leading the Union and Confederacy in the Battle of Gettysburg?
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Grant's strategy to defeat the South was mainly defensive in nature.
Grant's strategy to defeat the South was mainly defensive in nature.
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The __ Act ended the corrupt spoils system and ensured federal jobs were awarded based on merit.
The __ Act ended the corrupt spoils system and ensured federal jobs were awarded based on merit.
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Match the following acts with their purposes:
Match the following acts with their purposes:
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What is the purpose of protective tariffs?
What is the purpose of protective tariffs?
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What were the main points of the Monroe Doctrine?
What were the main points of the Monroe Doctrine?
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The Spoils system awarded government jobs to experienced individuals.
The Spoils system awarded government jobs to experienced individuals.
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The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson's unofficial ________.
The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson's unofficial ________.
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Match the following treaties with their descriptions:
Match the following treaties with their descriptions:
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What was the concept of Manifest Destiny in US history?
What was the concept of Manifest Destiny in US history?
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Who introduced the 16th Amendment?
Who introduced the 16th Amendment?
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What were some causes of the standardization of time in the United States?
What were some causes of the standardization of time in the United States?
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What was the purpose of the Civil Service Reform Act?
What was the purpose of the Civil Service Reform Act?
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The 17th Amendment allowed voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators.
The 17th Amendment allowed voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators.
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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.
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What were some major aspects of rapid industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
What were some major aspects of rapid industrialization during the Industrial Revolution?
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What did the 18th Amendment prohibit?
What did the 18th Amendment prohibit?
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What did the 18th Amendment establish a nationwide ban on?
What did the 18th Amendment establish a nationwide ban on?
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Social Darwinists believed in equality among all individuals.
Social Darwinists believed in equality among all individuals.
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______ integration is a business strategy where the company controls different stages of the supply chain.
______ integration is a business strategy where the company controls different stages of the supply chain.
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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to ______.
The 19th Amendment granted women the right to ______.
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The Pure Food & Drug Act aimed to protect people from unsafe ________ and medicine.
The Pure Food & Drug Act aimed to protect people from unsafe ________ and medicine.
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Match the following reforms with their descriptions:
Match the following reforms with their descriptions:
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Match the industrialist with their respective business field:
Match the industrialist with their respective business field:
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What was the main reason behind the formation of labor unions?
What was the main reason behind the formation of labor unions?
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Which reformer publicized the housing crisis, education, and poverty in New York?
Which reformer publicized the housing crisis, education, and poverty in New York?
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was the deadliest industrial disaster in U.S. history.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was the deadliest industrial disaster in U.S. history.
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Study Notes
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Domestic and Foreign Policy
- Protective Tariffs:
- Imposed to protect domestic industry
- Imported goods become more expensive than domestic goods
- Example: Tariff of 1816, which put a 25% tax on all wool and cotton goods imported into the US from foreign nations
- Monroe Doctrine:
- Directed to European nations
- Four main points:
- US will not interfere with international affairs
- US recognizes and will not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas
- Western hemisphere is closed to further colonization
- If any European power interferes with any nation in the Americas, it will be viewed as hostile towards the US
- Spoils System:
- When a political party wins an election, they give government jobs to their supporters and friends with little to no experience
- This was an award for supporting them and was an incentive to keep working for them
- Could lead to corruption and unqualified individuals in powerful positions
- Also known as a patronage system
- Webster-Ashburton Treaty:
- Demilitarized the area between the Great Lakes and established a border between Maine and New Brunswick
- The US gained navigation rights on the St. John's River, and extradition for some criminal cases
- Ended the slave trade in the area and allowed for the shared use of the Great Lakes
- Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty):
- Signed under President Monroe
- Andrew Jackson took Western Florida and executed people as judge, jury, and executioner
- Spain ceded Florida to the US
- The border between the US and Mexico was established at the Sabine River
- Spain renounced control of Oregon Country in exchange for sovereignty over Texas
Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
- Indian Removal Act of 1830:
- Authorized the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders
- Forced Native Americans to move west
- Trail of Tears (1838-1839):
- The Cherokee Nation was forcefully removed from their land east of the Mississippi River and forced to migrate to an area in Oklahoma
- The US government failed to provide promised resources for the journey, leading to scarcity and devastation
Manifest Destiny
- Doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US was inevitable and justified
- White Americans were considered superior to Native Americans under this ideology
Theory of Nullification
- Constitutional belief that individual states can invalidate federal laws and judicial rulings they deem unconstitutional
- Example: Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis
- South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification, stating that the tariffs were null and void in the state
- Andrew Jackson signed the Force Bill, allowing the use of the army to enforce federal laws
Compromise and Conflict
- Missouri Compromise:
- Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
- No slavery was allowed north of the 36°30’ parallel
- Kansas-Nebraska Act:
- Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
- The question of slavery was to be decided by popular sovereignty
- Led to the violent conflict known as Bleeding Kansas
- Popular Sovereignty:
- The idea that the authority of a state and government are controlled by the agreement of the people
- Used in the Kansas-Nebraska Act to allow territories to choose whether to enter the Union as free or slave states
Slavery and the Civil War
- Emancipation Proclamation (1863):
- Declared that all persons held as slaves in rebellious states were free
- Allowed slaves to join the Union army
- Sectional Differences:
- National Bank: North favored, South opposed
- Tariff: North favored, South opposed
- Transportation: North favored new transportation lines, South did not
- Immigration: North favored, South opposed
- Admission of New Western States to the Union: North favored free states, South favored slave states
- Slavery: North opposed, South favored
Reconstruction and its Failure
- Compromise of 1850:
- California entered the Union as a free state
- Popular sovereignty in new states
- Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened
- Washington D.C. banned the slave trade, but allowed slavery to continue
- Freedmen's Bureau:
- Established to provide clothing, food, medical treatment, education, and land to freedmen and refugees
- Founded after the Civil War to help former slaves and poor Southern whites
- Dred Scott Decision:
- Upheld slavery in the US
- Declared that enslaved and free black people were not citizens of the US
- Stated that Congress could not limit or ban slavery in any US territory
- Uncle Tom's Cabin:
- Anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Told the story of Uncle Tom, a slave with strong beliefs
- Criticized for being too positive and stereotypical
- Harper's Ferry:
- Battle between Confederate and Union forces in 1862
- Confederate General Stonewall Jackson besieged the 13,000-man garrison at Harpers Ferry
- Plessy v. Ferguson:
- Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana state law allowing for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races"
- Made segregation constitutionally acceptable
Post-Civil War and Reconstruction Era
- Compromise of 1877:
- Ended Reconstruction and gave the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes
- Removed the last troops from the South and enacted laws to aid industrialization in the South
- Lincoln's View on Slavery:
- Initially opposed the expansion of slavery, but later shifted to abolish it altogether
- Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
- Effect of Civil War on Northern Economy:
- Had a positive effect, leading to rapid industrialization and economic growth
- New industries emerged, and old ones expanded
- Reconstruction:
- Period of rebuilding the US after the Civil War
- Aimed to incorporate freed slaves into social, political, and labor systems
- Initially started with soldiers arriving in slave-holding territories to help slaves escape
- The Confederacy was split into five military districts, and 10% of the states had to pledge loyalty and allow for some programs to exist
- Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments:
- Thirteenth Amendment (1865): outlawed slavery in the US, except as punishment for a crime
- Fourteenth Amendment (1866): stated that any person born or naturalized in the US was a citizen, regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
- Fifteenth Amendment (1869): prohibited denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude### Reconstruction and the Civil War
- Johnson's Plan to reconstruct the South:
- Sent troops to oversee the establishment of democratic state governments
- Legislation to give civil rights to freedmen and African Americans
- No war debts for the South
- John Brown:
- Active in the Underground Railroad
- Helped escaped slaves escape to Canada
- Friends with abolitionists like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass
- Main figure of "Bleeding Kansas" and organized the Pottawatomie Massacre
- Famous for the Harpers Ferry Raid, which sparked the Civil War
- Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg:
- Union Victory, Confederate Loss
- Eliminated hope for international recognition
- Largest amount of casualties in the war
- Stopped Lee's second attack into the North and marked a turning point in the war
Advantages in the Civil War
- Northern Advantages:
- Superior industry
- Wealth
- Larger population
- Control of the sea and ability to blockade southern ports
- Wide expanse of railroads and better transportation system
- Southern Advantages:
- Ability to fight a defensive war
- Strong army with well-regarded officers
- Passion for the revolution
Grant's Strategy
- Grant's strategy to defeat the South:
- Continuously attack the Confederates on all sides
- Cut off essential resource points
- Implement naval blockade of Southern ports (Anaconda Plan)
Sherman's March to the Sea
- Significance of Sherman's March to the Sea:
- Crippled the Confederacy's ability to wage war
- Destroyed everything important to the war effort
- Cut off supply lines
- Resulted in fewer Union casualties
- Location and Date: Georgia, November 15, 1864 - December 21, 1864
Issues and Reforms
- Pendleton Act and Civil Service Reform:
- Ensured federal jobs were awarded based on merit
- Created the United States Civil Service Commission
- Ended the corrupt spoils system
- Nativism:
- Policy that favored protecting the interests of native-born citizens
- Discriminated against immigrants
- US Immigration restrictions:
- Alien and Sedition Acts allowed for refusal of new immigrants and deportation
- Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
- General Immigration Act of 1882
- Interstate Commerce Act:
- Regulated railroad rates
- Outlawed rebates
- Prohibited state laws that inhibited interstate commerce
- Sherman Antitrust Act:
- Authorized the federal government to dissolve trusts
- Made it illegal to restrain trade or commerce
- Tenant farmers, Sharecropping, and Crop Lien System:
- Tenant farmers paid rent to a landlord
- Sharecropping was a system where a landlord allowed a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop
- Crop Lien System allowed farmers to get credit by borrowing against the value of anticipated harvests
Settlement of the West
- Attitudes toward Native Americans and western settlement:
- Hostile and intolerant towards Native Americans
- Used manifest destiny to justify westward expansion
- Dawes Act:
- Allowed the president to break up reservation land into small allotments
- Aimed to make Native Americans adopt American culture
- Helen Hunt Jackson:
- Poet, author, and activist
- Advocate for Native American rights
- Indian School/Carlisle School and Assimilation:
- Aimed to "kill the Indian" and "save the Man"
- Forced Native Americans to adopt American culture and values
- Native American Battles:
- Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
- Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)
- Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
- Pacific Railway Act & Government Land Grants:
- Designated the 32nd Parallel as the initial transcontinental route
- Provided government bonds and land grants to fund the project
- Homestead Act:
- Provided 160 acres of land to anyone who agreed to farm the tract
- Fostering economic growth and development in the West
- Settlement of Utah:
- Mormons settled in the Great Salt Lake Valley in 1847
- Led by Brigham Young
- Frederick Jackson Turner:
- American historian
- Famous for the "frontier thesis"
- Influenced US foreign policy
Factors that led to the end of the long drive and open range grazing
- Barbed wire and windmills
- Overgrazing and heavy ranch land usage
Impact of new farm technology
- Higher crop productivity
- Increased yields
- Reduced labor needed
Causes of standardization of time
- Train travel
- Weather forecasting
- Confusion of different time zones
Industrialization and Industrial Revolution
- Cause of Industrialization:
- Emergence of capitalism
- European Imperialism
- Agricultural revolution
- Government policy
- Labor-saving inventions
- Entrepreneurial ambitions
- Demand for goods and services
- Effects of Industrialization:
- Improvement in transportation
- Growth of cities
- Expanding economy
- Formation of the working class
- Labor struggles and reforms
- Increase in production and efficiency
- Lower prices
- Increased goods and services
- Improved wages
- Migration from rural to urban centers
- Negative impacts of Industrialization:
- Poor health conditions
- Environmental degradation
- Poor working conditions
The Rise of the City
- Cause of urban population growth:
- Industrialization
- Immigration
- Job opportunities
- Effects of urban population growth:
- Poor nutrition
- Disease
- Pollution
- Poor sanitation
- Bad housing conditions
- Bad health conditions
Political Machines
- Definition:
- A person or small group that recruits members by using incentives
- Has control over a political administration
- Contribution to political corruption:
- Urbanization
- Low development
- Poverty
- Debt
Prevailing Ideologies of the Gilded Age
- Laissez Faire economics:
- Free-market capitalism
- No government intervention
- Social Darwinism:
- "Survival of the fittest"
- Justified racism, imperialism, and social inequalities
The Industrialists
- Tactics:
- Trusts
- Pools
- Holding companies
- Vertical and horizontal integration
- Notable Industrialists:
- Andrew Carnegie
- John Rockefeller
Labor Unions
- Cause:
- Bad working conditions
- Long hours
- Low wages
- Effect:
- Better working conditions
- Higher wages
- Shorter hours
- Improved health and safety conditions
- Aid for retired or injured workers### Labor Unions and Reform
- Labor unions were essential in stopping child labor and fighting for better wages, hours, and working conditions.
- The Homestead Lockout was a violent labor dispute between Carnegie Steel Company and workers, resulting in 16 deaths, but ultimately failed to achieve better wages and working conditions.
- Settlement houses, like Hull House, provided social services to the poor, including legal aid, employment offices, childcare, and education.
Reformers and Means of Reform
- Reformers like Jane Addams, Edith Abbott, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Jacob Riis fought for women's suffrage, limits on child labor, temperance, and human rights.
- Jacob Riis documented poverty in New York City through his photography and writing, including "How the Other Half Lives".
Progressivism
- Progressivism aimed to combat issues like labor rights, women's suffrage, economic reform, environmental protection, and the welfare of the poor and immigrants.
- The ideology believed that human society could be improved through political action.
Notable Events and Reforms
- The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was a deadly industrial disaster that led to calls for labor reform.
- Civil Service Reform Act (1883) and Secret Ballot (1891) were introduced to reduce corruption and increase transparency in government.
- 17th Amendment (1913) allowed for the direct election of senators by the people.
- 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors (later repealed by the 21st Amendment).
- 19th Amendment (1919) granted women the right to vote.
Conservation Reforms
- Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) addressed water resource management and promoted development of arid lands.
- National Parks, Monuments, and Forest Conservation were established to preserve natural resources.
Health Reforms
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and Meat Inspection Act (1906) protected consumers from unsafe foods and medicines.
Election of 1912 and the New Freedom
- The election of 1912 saw the rise of Woodrow Wilson, who campaigned on the New Freedom platform, focusing on tariff reform, banking reform, and trust-busting.
- The New Freedom aimed to create a fair economy for all Americans, eliminating big-business benefits.
Presidential Comparisons
- Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) believed in regulating trusts and promoting national conservation.
- Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) focused on New Freedom, tariff reform, and trust-busting.
- William Taft (Republican) was seen as conservative and ineffective.
Jim Crow Laws and Civil Rights
- Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation and racial apartheid in the American South.
- Booker T. Washington advocated for education and economic empowerment for African Americans.
- W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Washington's approach, advocating for direct civil rights advocacy.
- Ida B. Wells fought against lynching and founded the first Black woman's suffrage group.
Note: These notes are a summary of the original text and are intended to provide a concise overview of the key points and facts.
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