US History 1 Final Study Guide

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Domestic and Foreign Policy

• Protective Tariffs:
  • Imposed to protect domestic industry
  • Imported goods become more expensive than domestic goods
  • Example: Tariff of 1816, which put a 25% tax on all wool and cotton goods imported into the US from foreign nations
• Monroe Doctrine:
  • Directed to European nations
  • Four main points:
    • US will not interfere with international affairs
    • US recognizes and will not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas
    • Western hemisphere is closed to further colonization
    • If any European power interferes with any nation in the Americas, it will be viewed as hostile towards the US
• Spoils System:
  • When a political party wins an election, they give government jobs to their supporters and friends with little to no experience
  • This was an award for supporting them and was an incentive to keep working for them
  • Could lead to corruption and unqualified individuals in powerful positions
  • Also known as a patronage system
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty:
  • Demilitarized the area between the Great Lakes and established a border between Maine and New Brunswick
  • The US gained navigation rights on the St. John's River, and extradition for some criminal cases
  • Ended the slave trade in the area and allowed for the shared use of the Great Lakes
• Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty):
  • Signed under President Monroe
  • Andrew Jackson took Western Florida and executed people as judge, jury, and executioner
  • Spain ceded Florida to the US
  • The border between the US and Mexico was established at the Sabine River
  • Spain renounced control of Oregon Country in exchange for sovereignty over Texas

Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears

• Indian Removal Act of 1830:
  • Authorized the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi River in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders
  • Forced Native Americans to move west
• Trail of Tears (1838-1839):
  • The Cherokee Nation was forcefully removed from their land east of the Mississippi River and forced to migrate to an area in Oklahoma
  • The US government failed to provide promised resources for the journey, leading to scarcity and devastation

Manifest Destiny

• Doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US was inevitable and justified
• White Americans were considered superior to Native Americans under this ideology

Theory of Nullification

• Constitutional belief that individual states can invalidate federal laws and judicial rulings they deem unconstitutional
• Example: Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis
  • South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification, stating that the tariffs were null and void in the state
  • Andrew Jackson signed the Force Bill, allowing the use of the army to enforce federal laws

Compromise and Conflict

• Missouri Compromise:
  • Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
  • No slavery was allowed north of the 36°30’ parallel
• Kansas-Nebraska Act:
  • Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
  • The question of slavery was to be decided by popular sovereignty
  • Led to the violent conflict known as Bleeding Kansas
• Popular Sovereignty:
  • The idea that the authority of a state and government are controlled by the agreement of the people
  • Used in the Kansas-Nebraska Act to allow territories to choose whether to enter the Union as free or slave states

Slavery and the Civil War

• Emancipation Proclamation (1863):
  • Declared that all persons held as slaves in rebellious states were free
  • Allowed slaves to join the Union army
• Sectional Differences:
  • National Bank: North favored, South opposed
  • Tariff: North favored, South opposed
  • Transportation: North favored new transportation lines, South did not
  • Immigration: North favored, South opposed
  • Admission of New Western States to the Union: North favored free states, South favored slave states
  • Slavery: North opposed, South favored

Reconstruction and its Failure

• Compromise of 1850:
  • California entered the Union as a free state
  • Popular sovereignty in new states
  • Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened
  • Washington D.C. banned the slave trade, but allowed slavery to continue
• Freedmen's Bureau:
  • Established to provide clothing, food, medical treatment, education, and land to freedmen and refugees
  • Founded after the Civil War to help former slaves and poor Southern whites
• Dred Scott Decision:
  • Upheld slavery in the US
  • Declared that enslaved and free black people were not citizens of the US
  • Stated that Congress could not limit or ban slavery in any US territory
• Uncle Tom's Cabin:
  • Anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
  • Told the story of Uncle Tom, a slave with strong beliefs
  • Criticized for being too positive and stereotypical
• Harper's Ferry:
  • Battle between Confederate and Union forces in 1862
  • Confederate General Stonewall Jackson besieged the 13,000-man garrison at Harpers Ferry
• Plessy v. Ferguson:
  • Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana state law allowing for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races"
  • Made segregation constitutionally acceptable

Post-Civil War and Reconstruction Era

• Compromise of 1877:
  • Ended Reconstruction and gave the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes
  • Removed the last troops from the South and enacted laws to aid industrialization in the South
• Lincoln's View on Slavery:
  • Initially opposed the expansion of slavery, but later shifted to abolish it altogether
  • Issued the Emancipation Proclamation
• Effect of Civil War on Northern Economy:
  • Had a positive effect, leading to rapid industrialization and economic growth
  • New industries emerged, and old ones expanded
• Reconstruction:
  • Period of rebuilding the US after the Civil War
  • Aimed to incorporate freed slaves into social, political, and labor systems
  • Initially started with soldiers arriving in slave-holding territories to help slaves escape
  • The Confederacy was split into five military districts, and 10% of the states had to pledge loyalty and allow for some programs to exist
• Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments:
  • Thirteenth Amendment (1865): outlawed slavery in the US, except as punishment for a crime
  • Fourteenth Amendment (1866): stated that any person born or naturalized in the US was a citizen, regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
  • Fifteenth Amendment (1869): prohibited denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude### Reconstruction and the Civil War
• Johnson's Plan to reconstruct the South:
  • Sent troops to oversee the establishment of democratic state governments
  • Legislation to give civil rights to freedmen and African Americans
  • No war debts for the South
• John Brown:
  • Active in the Underground Railroad
  • Helped escaped slaves escape to Canada
  • Friends with abolitionists like Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass
  • Main figure of "Bleeding Kansas" and organized the Pottawatomie Massacre
  • Famous for the Harpers Ferry Raid, which sparked the Civil War
• Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg:
  • Union Victory, Confederate Loss
  • Eliminated hope for international recognition
  • Largest amount of casualties in the war
  • Stopped Lee's second attack into the North and marked a turning point in the war

Advantages in the Civil War

• Northern Advantages:
  • Superior industry
  • Wealth
  • Larger population
  • Control of the sea and ability to blockade southern ports
  • Wide expanse of railroads and better transportation system
• Southern Advantages:
  • Ability to fight a defensive war
  • Strong army with well-regarded officers
  • Passion for the revolution

Grant's Strategy

• Grant's strategy to defeat the South:
  • Continuously attack the Confederates on all sides
  • Cut off essential resource points
  • Implement naval blockade of Southern ports (Anaconda Plan)

Sherman's March to the Sea

• Significance of Sherman's March to the Sea:
  • Crippled the Confederacy's ability to wage war
  • Destroyed everything important to the war effort
  • Cut off supply lines
  • Resulted in fewer Union casualties
• Location and Date: Georgia, November 15, 1864 - December 21, 1864

Issues and Reforms

• Pendleton Act and Civil Service Reform:
  • Ensured federal jobs were awarded based on merit
  • Created the United States Civil Service Commission
  • Ended the corrupt spoils system
• Nativism:
  • Policy that favored protecting the interests of native-born citizens
  • Discriminated against immigrants
• US Immigration restrictions:
  • Alien and Sedition Acts allowed for refusal of new immigrants and deportation
  • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
  • General Immigration Act of 1882
• Interstate Commerce Act:
  • Regulated railroad rates
  • Outlawed rebates
  • Prohibited state laws that inhibited interstate commerce
• Sherman Antitrust Act:
  • Authorized the federal government to dissolve trusts
  • Made it illegal to restrain trade or commerce
• Tenant farmers, Sharecropping, and Crop Lien System:
  • Tenant farmers paid rent to a landlord
  • Sharecropping was a system where a landlord allowed a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop
  • Crop Lien System allowed farmers to get credit by borrowing against the value of anticipated harvests

Settlement of the West

• Attitudes toward Native Americans and western settlement:
  • Hostile and intolerant towards Native Americans
  • Used manifest destiny to justify westward expansion
• Dawes Act:
  • Allowed the president to break up reservation land into small allotments
  • Aimed to make Native Americans adopt American culture
• Helen Hunt Jackson:
  • Poet, author, and activist
  • Advocate for Native American rights
• Indian School/Carlisle School and Assimilation:
  • Aimed to "kill the Indian" and "save the Man"
  • Forced Native Americans to adopt American culture and values
• Native American Battles:
  • Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)
  • Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)
  • Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
• Pacific Railway Act & Government Land Grants:
  • Designated the 32nd Parallel as the initial transcontinental route
  • Provided government bonds and land grants to fund the project
• Homestead Act:
  • Provided 160 acres of land to anyone who agreed to farm the tract
  • Fostering economic growth and development in the West
• Settlement of Utah:
  • Mormons settled in the Great Salt Lake Valley in 1847
  • Led by Brigham Young
• Frederick Jackson Turner:
  • American historian
  • Famous for the "frontier thesis"
  • Influenced US foreign policy

Factors that led to the end of the long drive and open range grazing

• Barbed wire and windmills
• Overgrazing and heavy ranch land usage

Impact of new farm technology

• Higher crop productivity
• Increased yields
• Reduced labor needed

Causes of standardization of time

• Train travel
• Weather forecasting
• Confusion of different time zones

Industrialization and Industrial Revolution

• Cause of Industrialization:
  • Emergence of capitalism
  • European Imperialism
  • Agricultural revolution
  • Government policy
  • Labor-saving inventions
  • Entrepreneurial ambitions
  • Demand for goods and services
• Effects of Industrialization:
  • Improvement in transportation
  • Growth of cities
  • Expanding economy
  • Formation of the working class
  • Labor struggles and reforms
  • Increase in production and efficiency
  • Lower prices
  • Increased goods and services
  • Improved wages
  • Migration from rural to urban centers
• Negative impacts of Industrialization:
  • Poor health conditions
  • Environmental degradation
  • Poor working conditions

The Rise of the City

• Cause of urban population growth:
  • Industrialization
  • Immigration
  • Job opportunities
• Effects of urban population growth:
  • Poor nutrition
  • Disease
  • Pollution
  • Poor sanitation
  • Bad housing conditions
  • Bad health conditions

Political Machines

• Definition:
  • A person or small group that recruits members by using incentives
  • Has control over a political administration
• Contribution to political corruption:
  • Urbanization
  • Low development
  • Poverty
  • Debt

Prevailing Ideologies of the Gilded Age

• Laissez Faire economics:
  • Free-market capitalism
  • No government intervention
• Social Darwinism:
  • "Survival of the fittest"
  • Justified racism, imperialism, and social inequalities

The Industrialists

• Tactics:
  • Trusts
  • Pools
  • Holding companies
  • Vertical and horizontal integration
• Notable Industrialists:
  • Andrew Carnegie
  • John Rockefeller

Labor Unions

• Cause:
  • Bad working conditions
  • Long hours
  • Low wages
• Effect:
  • Better working conditions
  • Higher wages
  • Shorter hours
  • Improved health and safety conditions
  • Aid for retired or injured workers### Labor Unions and Reform
• Labor unions were essential in stopping child labor and fighting for better wages, hours, and working conditions.
• The Homestead Lockout was a violent labor dispute between Carnegie Steel Company and workers, resulting in 16 deaths, but ultimately failed to achieve better wages and working conditions.
• Settlement houses, like Hull House, provided social services to the poor, including legal aid, employment offices, childcare, and education.

Reformers and Means of Reform

• Reformers like Jane Addams, Edith Abbott, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Jacob Riis fought for women's suffrage, limits on child labor, temperance, and human rights.
• Jacob Riis documented poverty in New York City through his photography and writing, including "How the Other Half Lives".

Progressivism

• Progressivism aimed to combat issues like labor rights, women's suffrage, economic reform, environmental protection, and the welfare of the poor and immigrants.
• The ideology believed that human society could be improved through political action.

Notable Events and Reforms

• The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was a deadly industrial disaster that led to calls for labor reform.
• Civil Service Reform Act (1883) and Secret Ballot (1891) were introduced to reduce corruption and increase transparency in government.
• 17th Amendment (1913) allowed for the direct election of senators by the people.
• 18th Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors (later repealed by the 21st Amendment).
• 19th Amendment (1919) granted women the right to vote.

Conservation Reforms

• Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) addressed water resource management and promoted development of arid lands.
• National Parks, Monuments, and Forest Conservation were established to preserve natural resources.

Health Reforms

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and Meat Inspection Act (1906) protected consumers from unsafe foods and medicines.

Election of 1912 and the New Freedom

• The election of 1912 saw the rise of Woodrow Wilson, who campaigned on the New Freedom platform, focusing on tariff reform, banking reform, and trust-busting.
• The New Freedom aimed to create a fair economy for all Americans, eliminating big-business benefits.

Presidential Comparisons

• Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) believed in regulating trusts and promoting national conservation.
• Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) focused on New Freedom, tariff reform, and trust-busting.
• William Taft (Republican) was seen as conservative and ineffective.

Jim Crow Laws and Civil Rights

• Jim Crow laws enforced racial segregation and racial apartheid in the American South.
• Booker T. Washington advocated for education and economic empowerment for African Americans.
• W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Washington's approach, advocating for direct civil rights advocacy.
• Ida B. Wells fought against lynching and founded the first Black woman's suffrage group.

Note: These notes are a summary of the original text and are intended to provide a concise overview of the key points and facts.