U.S. Government Principles and Structure

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the group of people who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1787?

Antifederalists

What was the first constitution of the United States called?

Articles of Confederation

What is the term for a legislature that is divided into two separate assemblies?

Bicameralism

What are the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution called?

<p>Bill of Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the system of overlapping powers designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful?

<p>Checks and balances</p> Signup and view all the answers

What parliamentary procedure ends debate and forces a vote on a bill or issue?

<p>Cloture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a coordinated effort by a group of people to achieve a shared goal or address a common issue called?

<p>Collective action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Correlation proves causation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What section of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate commerce?

<p>Commerce clause</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mathematical theorem states that the probability of a correct decision increases as the size of a group increases?

<p>Condorcet’s Jury Theorem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a political union of sovereign states united for purposes of common action?

<p>Confederation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint committee of the U.S. Congress called that is formed to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill?

<p>Conference committee</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a government where different political parties control different branches of the government?

<p>Divided government</p> Signup and view all the answers

In game theory, a strategy that always provides a player with the best possible outcome regardless of what their opponent chooses is called what?

<p>Dominant strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political science law states that in political systems with single-member districts and the plurality voting system, two main parties tend to emerge?

<p>Duverger’s Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the group of presidential electors formed every four years during the U.S. presidential election for the sole purpose of voting for the president and vice president?

<p>Electoral College</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the powers explicitly granted to the federal government of the United States by the Constitution called?

<p>Enumerated powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a directive issued by the President of the United States to manage the operations of the federal government called?

<p>Executive Order</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legislative tactic used in the U.S. Senate involves a Senator speaking for an extended period to delay or block a vote on a bill or nomination?

<p>Filibuster</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the issue that occurs when people benefit from resources or services without paying for them, relying on others to bear the cost?

<p>Free-Rider Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice of drawing legislative district boundaries to favor one political party or group over another?

<p>Gerrymandering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compromise during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 established a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate giving equal representation to each state?

<p>Great Compromise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electoral advantage that current officeholders have over challengers called?

<p>Incumbency Advantage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the power of courts, particularly the Supreme Court, to review and potentially invalidate laws or executive actions that are deemed unconstitutional called?

<p>Judicial Review</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is public opinion that is not expressed or measured regularly but can emerge in response to a specific issue or event called?

<p>Latent Opinion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency for individuals to interpret information in a way that supports their existing beliefs or desires called?

<p>Motivated Reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the trend where local or state issues become framed and treated as national issues?

<p>Nationalization of Politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What clause in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the authority to make all laws 'necessary and proper' for carrying out its enumerated powers?

<p>Necessary and Proper Clause</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a statement that expresses a value judgment or opinion about how things should be, as opposed to how they are?

<p>Normative Claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a person's psychological attachment or affiliation with a particular political party called?

<p>Party Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is voting behavior based on the perceived performance of incumbent politicians or political parties called?

<p>Performance Voting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an election held to determine a political party's candidate for a subsequent general election called?

<p>Primary Election</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a situation in game theory where two parties may not cooperate even if it is in their best interest to do so, due to mistrust or fear that the other party will betray them called?

<p>Prisoner’s Dilemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes an electoral system where seats in a legislature are allocated based on the proportion of votes each party receives?

<p>Proportional Representation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a statement that asserts a fact or reality about the world, often subject to evidence or verification?

<p>Positive Claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method of conducting telephone polls involves randomly dialing phone numbers to ensure a representative sample?

<p>Random Digit Dial Poll</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the constitutional principle that divides the powers of government into three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful called?

<p>Separation of Powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the presiding officer of the U.S. House of Representatives, elected by the members of the House?

<p>Speaker of the House</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a cognitive bias that favors the current state of affairs and resists change?

<p>Status Quo Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a majority that is larger than a simple majority, often required for certain decisions?

<p>Supermajority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice of voting for candidates from different political parties in the same election called?

<p>Ticket Splitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a situation in which the majority's interests or decisions override or suppress the rights or interests of minorities?

<p>Tyranny of the Majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a procedural agreement in the U.S. Senate in which no member objects to a proposal or action?

<p>Unanimous Consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the constitutional power of the president to reject a bill passed by Congress called?

<p>Veto</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antifederalist

A group opposing the ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1787.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, created after the Revolution.

Bicameralism

A legislature divided into two separate chambers.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

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Checks and Balances

A system preventing any government branch from excessive power.

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Cloture

A procedure to end debate in the Senate.

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Collective Action

When a group works together for a common goal.

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Commerce Clause

Gives Congress power to regulate commerce.

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Electoral College

Body that elects the U.S. president every four years.

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Gerrymandering

Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.

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Judicial Review

The Supreme Court's power to invalidate unconstitutional laws.

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Latent Opinion

Unexpressed public opinion that emerges when issues arise.

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Motivated Reasoning

Interpreting information to support existing beliefs.

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Necessary and Proper Clause

Grants Congress authority to make required laws.

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Party Identification

A person's psychological affiliation with a political party.

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Primary Election

An election to choose a party's candidate for general elections.

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Potential of a Correct Decision

In groups, accuracy increases with size.

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Separation of Powers

Divides government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

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Supermajority

A majority larger than a simple majority required for certain actions.

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Veto

The president's power to reject legislation passed by Congress.

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Tyranny of the Majority

When majority interests suppress minority rights.

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Dominant Strategy

A strategy that yields the best outcome regardless of other's actions.

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Filibuster

A tactic in the Senate to delay a vote through prolonged speaking.

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Incumbency Advantage

The edge current officeholders have over challengers.

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Confederation

A union of sovereign states for common action.

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Status Quo Bias

Preference for the current state, resisting change.

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Random Digit Dial Poll

A polling method that randomly dials numbers for samples.

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Performance Voting

Voting based on the performance of incumbents.

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Study Notes

Antifederalists

  • Opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
  • Believed the Constitution threatened individual rights and state independence.

Articles of Confederation

  • First U.S. constitution.
  • Established the country's national government post-Revolution.

Bicameralism

  • Two-house legislature.
  • Separate assemblies or chambers.

Bill of Rights

  • First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Checks and Balances

  • System where government powers overlap and prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Cloture

  • Parliamentary procedure to end debate and force a vote.

Collective Action

  • Coordinated effort by a group to achieve a shared goal.

Correlation vs. Causation

  • Two things changing together doesn't mean one causes the other.

Commerce Clause

  • Constitutional provision granting Congress commerce power.

Condorcet's Jury Theorem

  • Probability of a correct decision increases with group size.

Confederation

  • Political union of sovereign states for common action.

Conference Committee

  • Joint committee (U.S. Congress).

Divided Government

  • Different political parties control different branches.

Dominant Strategy

  • Strategy always best, regardless of the opponent's strategy.

Duverger's Law

  • Two main parties tend to emerge in systems with single-member districts and plurality voting.

Electoral College

  • Group of electors who formally elect the U.S. president and vice president.

Enumerated Powers

  • Powers explicitly given to the federal government by the Constitution.

Executive Order

  • Directive by the U.S. President, with the force of law, not needing Congressional approval.

Filibuster

  • Legislative tactic in the U.S. Senate to delay or block votes. Ended by a cloture vote (usually 60 votes).

Free-Rider Problem

  • People benefit from resources/services without paying for them.

Gerrymandering

  • Drawing legislative district boundaries to favor a political party.

Great Compromise

  • Constitutional Convention (1787) compromise creating a bicameral legislature.

Incumbency Advantage

  • Electoral advantage of current officeholders due to name recognition, fundraising, and networks.

Judicial Review

  • Power of courts to review and potentially invalidate laws or actions.

Latent Opinion

  • Public opinion not regularly expressed but can emerge with specific issues/events.

Motivated Reasoning

  • Interpreting information to support existing beliefs/desires, rather than objectively.

Nationalization of Politics

  • Local/state issues becoming framed/treated as national issues.

Necessary and Proper Clause

  • Constitutional clause granting Congress power to make "necessary and proper" laws.

Normative Claim

  • Statement expressing a value judgment or opinion.

Party Identification

  • Psychological attachment to a political party.

Performance Voting

  • Judging politicians/parties based on perceived performance (economy, services, etc.).

Primary Election

  • Choosing political party candidates for a general election (different types).

Prisoner's Dilemma

  • Situation in game theory where parties may not cooperate even when it's best to do so.

Proportional Representation

  • Electoral system allocating seats in proportion to votes.

Positive Claim

  • Statement asserting a fact or reality in the world.

Random Digit Dial Poll

  • Method for phone polling using random dialed numbers.

Separation of Powers

  • Dividing government powers among three branches (executive, legislative, judicial).

Speaker of the House

  • Presiding officer of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Status Quo Bias

  • Favoring existing conditions and resisting change, even when beneficial.

Supermajority

  • Majority larger than a simple majority (e.g., two-thirds).

Ticket Splitting

  • Voting for candidates from different political parties in the same election.

Tyranny of the Majority

  • Majority's interests overwhelming or suppressing the minority's rights.
  • Procedural agreement in the Senate where no member objects.

Veto

  • President's constitutional power to reject a bill.

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