Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

What was the proposal made by Virginia's delegates regarding legislative structure?

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What did the Connecticut Compromise establish?

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What is the minimum age requirement to serve in the Senate?

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Why was the process of passing legislation through both houses intentionally made difficult?

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What change occurred with the Seventeenth Amendment regarding Senate elections?

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What was the reason Congress failed to reapportion House seats after the 1920 census?

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What is the average population in a congressional district currently surpassed?

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What is the primary goal of racially gerrymandered congressional districts?

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Which historic compromise determined how enslaved people were counted for congressional representation?

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Which of the following is NOT an enumerated power of Congress?

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What is gerrymandering primarily concerned with?

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What does the term 'power of the purse' refer to?

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Which act helped clear hurdles for African American voter registration and voting?

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What defines implied powers within the context of Congress?

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What is a characteristic of inherent powers in the context of congressional authority?

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What was one significant result of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

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Which term describes the practice of drawing district boundaries to favor a particular political party?

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What was a main issue faced by the young republic that prompted the call for a Constitutional Convention?

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What does bicameralism refer to in the context of Congress?

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Which of the following historical events highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and contributed to the Constitutional Convention?

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Which power is NOT explicitly granted to Congress or any branch of government?

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What is the significance of Article I, Section 8's commerce clause?

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In which landmark case did the Supreme Court assert its authority to declare laws unconstitutional?

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What event significantly contributed to the increase in presidential power in the 20th century?

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Why did Congress propose the Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution?

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What significant event in the 1950s highlighted the power struggle between the presidency and Congress?

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What primary characteristic differentiates the terms of House members from that of Senators?

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Which of the following best describes the leadership structure of the House of Representatives compared to the Senate?

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What trend has been observed regarding the presidential use of executive orders?

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How has campaign funding evolved in modern U.S. political campaigns?

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What is a key reason incumbents tend to win reelection in congressional races?

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What financial advantage do incumbents have over challengers during elections?

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What phenomenon describes the difficulty of unseating incumbents in elections?

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What role does political party support play in the success of incumbents?

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What was a significant outcome of Eric Cantor's defeat in the primary election?

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What significant change occurred as a result of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling?

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What is the primary purpose of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)?

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How much can an individual contribute per candidate per election as established by campaign finance laws?

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What role do super PACs play in campaign financing?

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What was a significant issue with campaign finance laws in the early attempts at reform?

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Flashcards

Bicameralism

A system of government with a two-chamber legislature, like the U.S. Congress, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

Apportionment

The process of dividing the 435 seats in the House of Representatives among the states based on their population.

Gerrymandering

The practice of manipulating the boundaries of electoral districts to favor a particular party or group, often resulting in unfair representation.

Enumerated Powers

Powers explicitly granted to Congress in the U.S. Constitution, specifying the powers Congress can exercise.

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Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but are implied from the necessary and proper clause. These allow Congress to carry out its enumerated powers.

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Majority-Minority District

A congressional district where the majority of voters belong to a specific racial or ethnic minority group.

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Constituency

The body of voters who elect a representative.

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Voting Rights Act Challenge

A legal challenge to gerrymandering based on the claim that redistricting unfairly dilutes the votes of racial minorities.

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Connecticut Compromise

The Great Compromise proposed a two-chamber Congress, with the Senate representing states equally and the House of Representatives representing the population of each state.

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Senate's Equal Representation

The U.S. Senate has two senators from each state, regardless of population, ensuring equal representation for all states.

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House of Representatives' Proportional Representation

The House of Representatives is based on population, with more representatives from states with larger populations.

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Purpose of Bicameral System

The bicameral system's purpose is to create a complex legislative process that requires careful deliberation, prevents hasty decisions, and safeguards against the influence of special interest groups.

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Commerce Clause

The power of Congress to regulate commerce between states, with foreign nations, and with Indian tribes, as outlined in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution.

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Broad Interpretation of the Commerce Clause

The Supreme Court's broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause, allowing Congress to regulate a wide range of activities within states.

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United States v. Lopez (1995)

The Supreme Court's decision in 1995, which limited the scope of the Commerce Clause by striking down a law that Congress claimed was related to interstate commerce.

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Judicial Review

The ability of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803).

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Commander-in-Chief

The power of the President to act as the head of the armed forces, outlined in Article II of the U.S. Constitution.

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Executive Orders

The power of a president to issue legally binding orders, especially when Congress has delegated authority to the president in areas deemed necessary.

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Executive Agreements

Agreements between the president and a foreign leader, bypassing the ratification process required for treaties.

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Power of the Purse

The ability of Congress to control the money, through taxing and spending.

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Necessary and Proper Clause

The legal principle allowing Congress to expand its powers beyond those explicitly listed in the Constitution as long as they are considered 'necessary and proper' for carrying out its enumerated powers.

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Inherent Powers

Powers that are not explicitly listed in the Constitution but are assumed to be inherent to the government's existence.

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Congressional Oversight

The ability of Congress to investigate and monitor other branches of government, such as the executive branch.

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Incumbency Advantage

The tendency for elected officials who are already in office to have a higher chance of winning reelection compared to challengers. This phenomenon is often attributed to advantages incumbents enjoy, such as name recognition, access to funds, and the support of political parties.

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Safe Seats

Congressional districts where candidates from a particular party are highly likely to win repeatedly. This means the real competition often happens within the party's primary election.

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Party Support for Incumbents

The practice of supporting incumbents in elections because they are considered more experienced and successful. This practice helps solidify the existing power structure.

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Constituent Casework

Services provided by elected officials to assist their constituents with problems such as applying for benefits or resolving immigration issues. This helps build relationships and strengthen the incumbent's standing.

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Incumbent Advantage: Alive and Well?

The argument that the incumbent advantage, especially in primary elections, is still prevalent, despite occasional upsets like Eric Cantor's defeat.

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