Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was one of the major factors that contributed to the explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age?
What was one of the major factors that contributed to the explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age?
- Abundant natural resources and a growing labor supply. (correct)
- The expansion of the agricultural sector and farming techniques.
- The government's active intervention and subsidies.
- Decreasing tariffs to promote free trade and foreign investment.
What is the name of the region that was the heartland of the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S.?
What is the name of the region that was the heartland of the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S.?
- The South.
- The West Coast.
- The North East.
- The Heartland (Great Lakes region). (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a technological innovation that contributed to the growth of the Second Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following is NOT a technological innovation that contributed to the growth of the Second Industrial Revolution?
- The typewriter.
- The automobile. (correct)
- The handheld camera.
- The telephone.
What is the name of the essay written by Andrew Carnegie, which laid out his philosophy of philanthropy for the wealthy?
What is the name of the essay written by Andrew Carnegie, which laid out his philosophy of philanthropy for the wealthy?
Which business practice did Andrew Carnegie employ to create his successful steel company?
Which business practice did Andrew Carnegie employ to create his successful steel company?
What is the term used for a single company controlling nearly all of the market for a specific product or service?
What is the term used for a single company controlling nearly all of the market for a specific product or service?
Which of the following best describes John D. Rockefeller's business practices?
Which of the following best describes John D. Rockefeller's business practices?
What is the name of the book by Henry Demarest Lloyd that criticized John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company?
What is the name of the book by Henry Demarest Lloyd that criticized John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company?
By 1913, the United States produced what percentage of the world's industrial output?
By 1913, the United States produced what percentage of the world's industrial output?
Why was the expansion of the railroad system so important during the Gilded Age?
Why was the expansion of the railroad system so important during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was NOT a critique of the social order during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was NOT a critique of the social order during the Gilded Age?
What was the main idea behind "conspicuous consumption"?
What was the main idea behind "conspicuous consumption"?
What was the main factor leading to economic insecurity for workers during the Gilded Age?
What was the main factor leading to economic insecurity for workers during the Gilded Age?
What was a major impact of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
What was a major impact of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
How did Social Darwinism influence the social order of the Gilded Age?
How did Social Darwinism influence the social order of the Gilded Age?
What was the main impact of the "liberty of contract" ideology on labor relations during the Gilded Age?
What was the main impact of the "liberty of contract" ideology on labor relations during the Gilded Age?
What was the main message of "How the Other Half Lives" by Jacob Riis?
What was the main message of "How the Other Half Lives" by Jacob Riis?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Gilded Age?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the "Social Gospel"?
Which of the following is an accurate description of the "Social Gospel"?
What impact did the Sherman Antitrust Act have on labor unions?
What impact did the Sherman Antitrust Act have on labor unions?
What was Henry George's proposed solution to the problem he outlined in Progress and Poverty?
What was Henry George's proposed solution to the problem he outlined in Progress and Poverty?
What did Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward suggest about the nature of freedom?
What did Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward suggest about the nature of freedom?
Which of the following was NOT a target of the "Christian lobby" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Which of the following was NOT a target of the "Christian lobby" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What was a key factor in the growth of commercial agriculture in the West?
What was a key factor in the growth of commercial agriculture in the West?
What was the main motivation for the Mormons to settle in the Great Salt Lake Valley?
What was the main motivation for the Mormons to settle in the Great Salt Lake Valley?
What was the significance of the Morrill Land Grant College Act?
What was the significance of the Morrill Land Grant College Act?
What was a major challenge faced by many farmers in the West during the late 19th century?
What was a major challenge faced by many farmers in the West during the late 19th century?
What was the primary motivation for Chinese immigration to the West?
What was the primary motivation for Chinese immigration to the West?
What was the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad?
What was the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad?
Which of the following statements about the role of women in the West is correct?
Which of the following statements about the role of women in the West is correct?
Which of the following statements about the relationship between the federal government and the West is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the relationship between the federal government and the West is accurate?
What was the significance of the Mountain Meadows Massacre?
What was the significance of the Mountain Meadows Massacre?
What was a key feature of Social Darwinism?
What was a key feature of Social Darwinism?
What role did William Graham Sumner play in promoting Social Darwinism?
What role did William Graham Sumner play in promoting Social Darwinism?
What was the impact of Social Darwinism on labor movements?
What was the impact of Social Darwinism on labor movements?
What was the main reason for the high level of voter turnout during the Gilded Age?
What was the main reason for the high level of voter turnout during the Gilded Age?
What are some examples of how the federal government actively intervened in the development of the West?
What are some examples of how the federal government actively intervened in the development of the West?
What was a significant challenge faced by the development of the West?
What was a significant challenge faced by the development of the West?
Which of the following best describes the political climate of the Gilded Age?
Which of the following best describes the political climate of the Gilded Age?
What can be considered to be a positive outcome of the development of the West?
What can be considered to be a positive outcome of the development of the West?
Which of the following groups benefited most from the Republican economic policies of the Gilded Age?
Which of the following groups benefited most from the Republican economic policies of the Gilded Age?
The creation of the Civil Service Act of 1883 had what unintended consequence?
The creation of the Civil Service Act of 1883 had what unintended consequence?
What was the primary purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) established in 1887?
What was the primary purpose of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) established in 1887?
Which of the following groups was specifically targeted by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
Which of the following groups was specifically targeted by the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890?
What was the primary economic policy pursued by the Republicans in the 1870s?
What was the primary economic policy pursued by the Republicans in the 1870s?
Which of the following groups was a significant part of the Democratic base in the Gilded Age?
Which of the following groups was a significant part of the Democratic base in the Gilded Age?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the government and the economy during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the government and the economy during the Gilded Age?
In the aftermath of the Civil War, what was the primary focus of state governments in the North?
In the aftermath of the Civil War, what was the primary focus of state governments in the North?
Which of the following issues in the U.S. today parallels a significant economic issue of the Gilded Age?
Which of the following issues in the U.S. today parallels a significant economic issue of the Gilded Age?
What historical parallel exists between the Gilded Age and today with regards to business practices?
What historical parallel exists between the Gilded Age and today with regards to business practices?
Which of these issues is NOT directly linked to the ongoing debate about government regulation of business in the U.S. today?
Which of these issues is NOT directly linked to the ongoing debate about government regulation of business in the U.S. today?
What common concern is highlighted in the comparison between the Gilded Age and the present, regarding both labor rights and government regulation?
What common concern is highlighted in the comparison between the Gilded Age and the present, regarding both labor rights and government regulation?
What does the comparison between the Gilded Age and the contemporary U.S. economy suggest about the nature of economic issues?
What does the comparison between the Gilded Age and the contemporary U.S. economy suggest about the nature of economic issues?
What was a major factor that contributed to the decline of labor unions in the late 1890s?
What was a major factor that contributed to the decline of labor unions in the late 1890s?
What was a significant shift in the American Federation of Labor's (AFL) approach during the 1890s?
What was a significant shift in the American Federation of Labor's (AFL) approach during the 1890s?
In the context of the Gilded Age, what was the main argument for the "free coinage" of silver?
In the context of the Gilded Age, what was the main argument for the "free coinage" of silver?
What was the core argument of the Republican Party regarding the gold standard during the 1896 election?
What was the core argument of the Republican Party regarding the gold standard during the 1896 election?
What impact did the Gold Standard Act of 1900 have on the American economy?
What impact did the Gold Standard Act of 1900 have on the American economy?
During the Gilded Age, what was the prevailing perspective on the responsibility for ensuring economic freedom in American society?
During the Gilded Age, what was the prevailing perspective on the responsibility for ensuring economic freedom in American society?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age?
What was a key difference between "business unionism" and the more reformist approach of earlier labor unions?
What was a key difference between "business unionism" and the more reformist approach of earlier labor unions?
Which of the following events or movements demonstrates the demand for government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following events or movements demonstrates the demand for government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
How did the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Dingley Tariff of 1897 impact the American economy?
How did the McKinley Tariff of 1890 and the Dingley Tariff of 1897 impact the American economy?
Why did urban working-class voters shift their support to the Republican Party in the 1890s?
Why did urban working-class voters shift their support to the Republican Party in the 1890s?
What was a significant difference between the presidential campaigns of William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley in 1896?
What was a significant difference between the presidential campaigns of William Jennings Bryan and William McKinley in 1896?
What was a major reason for the rise of the Populist Party in the 1890s?
What was a major reason for the rise of the Populist Party in the 1890s?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the outcome of the 1896 presidential election?
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the outcome of the 1896 presidential election?
What was a significant impact of the Gilded Age on the American political landscape?
What was a significant impact of the Gilded Age on the American political landscape?
What was a significant difference in priorities between the Populist movement and industrial workers?
What was a significant difference in priorities between the Populist movement and industrial workers?
What was a major factor that hindered the Populist movement's ability to appeal to industrial workers?
What was a major factor that hindered the Populist movement's ability to appeal to industrial workers?
What was the main reason for the lack of unity between rural and urban workers during the Gilded Age?
What was the main reason for the lack of unity between rural and urban workers during the Gilded Age?
Why did the Populist movement experience electoral challenges in attracting urban voters?
Why did the Populist movement experience electoral challenges in attracting urban voters?
Which of the following is an example of a Gilded Age event that reflects the exploitation of workers during the period?
Which of the following is an example of a Gilded Age event that reflects the exploitation of workers during the period?
Which of the following was a key characteristic of the economic landscape during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was a key characteristic of the economic landscape during the Gilded Age?
What was a significant argument in favor of government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
What was a significant argument in favor of government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
How did the rise of monopolies impact the economic landscape of the Gilded Age?
How did the rise of monopolies impact the economic landscape of the Gilded Age?
What was a key argument made by those who advocated for government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
What was a key argument made by those who advocated for government intervention in the economy during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was a key government action taken in response to the rise of monopolies during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was a key government action taken in response to the rise of monopolies during the Gilded Age?
What was a major issue faced by workers during the Gilded Age, which contributed to labor unrest and strikes?
What was a major issue faced by workers during the Gilded Age, which contributed to labor unrest and strikes?
Which of the following represents a successful effort by the government to regulate certain industries during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following represents a successful effort by the government to regulate certain industries during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was a major difference between the Populist movement and the Knights of Labor?
Which of the following was a major difference between the Populist movement and the Knights of Labor?
How did the Populist movement's focus on agrarian issues impact their ability to appeal to industrial workers?
How did the Populist movement's focus on agrarian issues impact their ability to appeal to industrial workers?
Which of the following was a significant challenge faced by the Populist movement in building a broad coalition?
Which of the following was a significant challenge faced by the Populist movement in building a broad coalition?
How did the expansion of railroads during the Gilded Age impact business in the United States?
How did the expansion of railroads during the Gilded Age impact business in the United States?
What is considered a major critique of industrial capitalism during the Gilded Age?
What is considered a major critique of industrial capitalism during the Gilded Age?
What was a common tactic utilized by business owners during the Gilded Age to quell labor strikes?
What was a common tactic utilized by business owners during the Gilded Age to quell labor strikes?
Which of the following was NOT a major reason that labor unions struggled to be successful during the Gilded Age?
Which of the following was NOT a major reason that labor unions struggled to be successful during the Gilded Age?
What was the primary economic policy adopted by the Federal Government during the Gilded Age?
What was the primary economic policy adopted by the Federal Government during the Gilded Age?
What was the main motive behind the United States' policy of Westward Expansion during the Gilded Age?
What was the main motive behind the United States' policy of Westward Expansion during the Gilded Age?
What were the main goals of the Populist Movement, which emerged during the Gilded Age?
What were the main goals of the Populist Movement, which emerged during the Gilded Age?
What was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Populist movement during the Gilded Age?
What was a major factor that contributed to the rise of the Populist movement during the Gilded Age?
What was a major issue that the Populist party specifically campaigned on, and what impact did it have?
What was a major issue that the Populist party specifically campaigned on, and what impact did it have?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the election of 1896 on the Populist movement?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the election of 1896 on the Populist movement?
What was a primary challenge that farmers faced during the late 19th century?
What was a primary challenge that farmers faced during the late 19th century?
How did the government respond to the economic difficulties faced by farmers during the Gilded Age?
How did the government respond to the economic difficulties faced by farmers during the Gilded Age?
What was a major outcome of the election of 1896?
What was a major outcome of the election of 1896?
What is a key element of the political climate during the Gilded Age?
What is a key element of the political climate during the Gilded Age?
What was one of the biggest challenges faced by farmers during the Gilded Age, and what was a major result of this challenge?
What was one of the biggest challenges faced by farmers during the Gilded Age, and what was a major result of this challenge?
What was one of the main reasons farmers in the late 19th century felt economically disadvantaged?
What was one of the main reasons farmers in the late 19th century felt economically disadvantaged?
What was the main goal of the Grange movement?
What was the main goal of the Grange movement?
Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the economic difficulties faced by Southern farmers in the late 19th century?
Which of the following was a major factor contributing to the economic difficulties faced by Southern farmers in the late 19th century?
What was a major difference between the Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party?
What was a major difference between the Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party?
Which of the following was a key element of the Populist platform?
Which of the following was a key element of the Populist platform?
Which of the following was a major challenge faced by the Populist movement?
Which of the following was a major challenge faced by the Populist movement?
What role did Mary Elizabeth Lease play in the Populist movement?
What role did Mary Elizabeth Lease play in the Populist movement?
Which of the following events significantly contributed to the Panic of 1893?
Which of the following events significantly contributed to the Panic of 1893?
What was the main objective of Coxey's Army?
What was the main objective of Coxey's Army?
The Pullman Strike of 1894 is an example of what kind of labor conflict?
The Pullman Strike of 1894 is an example of what kind of labor conflict?
What was the Populist movement's vision for the future of the American economy?
What was the Populist movement's vision for the future of the American economy?
How did the Populist movement attempt to address the issues of economic inequality?
How did the Populist movement attempt to address the issues of economic inequality?
What was one of the reasons why the Populist movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals?
What was one of the reasons why the Populist movement ultimately failed to achieve its goals?
How did the Populist movement contribute to American political history?
How did the Populist movement contribute to American political history?
What was a major consequence of the Panic of 1893?
What was a major consequence of the Panic of 1893?
What was the main objective of the Peace Policy of 1869?
What was the main objective of the Peace Policy of 1869?
How did the government's policy of buffalo hunting contribute to the subjugation of Native Americans?
How did the government's policy of buffalo hunting contribute to the subjugation of Native Americans?
What was the purpose of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' boarding schools?
What was the purpose of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' boarding schools?
Which of the following accurately describes the Dawes Act of 1887?
Which of the following accurately describes the Dawes Act of 1887?
The Elk v. Wilkins case (1884) had what significant impact on Native American citizens?
The Elk v. Wilkins case (1884) had what significant impact on Native American citizens?
The Ghost Dance movement was a response to which of the following?
The Ghost Dance movement was a response to which of the following?
What prompted the Wounded Knee Massacre?
What prompted the Wounded Knee Massacre?
The term "settler societies" refers to which of the following?
The term "settler societies" refers to which of the following?
How did the "Wild West" image contribute to the American perception of Native Americans?
How did the "Wild West" image contribute to the American perception of Native Americans?
During the Gilded Age, what growing concern about political freedom arose in America?
During the Gilded Age, what growing concern about political freedom arose in America?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the corruption that characterized Gilded Age politics?
Which of the following examples best illustrates the corruption that characterized Gilded Age politics?
Why did the power of corporations during the Gilded Age raise concerns about political freedom?
Why did the power of corporations during the Gilded Age raise concerns about political freedom?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of corrupt political machines in Gilded Age cities?
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of corrupt political machines in Gilded Age cities?
How did the Civil War influence national elections during the Gilded Age?
How did the Civil War influence national elections during the Gilded Age?
What was the significance of the phrase “Kill the Indian and save the man” in relation to the assimilation of Native American children?
What was the significance of the phrase “Kill the Indian and save the man” in relation to the assimilation of Native American children?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the U.S. government and Native Americans in the period after the Civil War?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the U.S. government and Native Americans in the period after the Civil War?
Flashcards
Second Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrial growth in the late 19th century, marked by technological innovation and economic expansion.
Laissez-faire market
Laissez-faire market
An economic system with minimal government intervention, allowing businesses to operate freely.
Trusts
Trusts
Legal arrangements where multiple companies operate under a single director to reduce competition.
Vertical integration
Vertical integration
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Horizontal expansion
Horizontal expansion
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Monopoly
Monopoly
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Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie
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John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
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The Gospel of Wealth
The Gospel of Wealth
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Progress and Poverty
Progress and Poverty
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Single Tax
Single Tax
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The Cooperative Commonwealth
The Cooperative Commonwealth
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Socialism
Socialism
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Social Gospel
Social Gospel
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Mann Act of 1910
Mann Act of 1910
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Haymarket Affair
Haymarket Affair
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Bible Belt
Bible Belt
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Republicans' Base
Republicans' Base
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Democrats' Base
Democrats' Base
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Gilded Age Voting
Gilded Age Voting
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Greenbacks
Greenbacks
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Gold Standard (1879)
Gold Standard (1879)
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Civil Service Act of 1883
Civil Service Act of 1883
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Interstate Commerce Commission
Interstate Commerce Commission
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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
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Political Machines
Political Machines
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Economic Policies Impact
Economic Policies Impact
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Henry George
Henry George
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Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
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William Graham Sumner
William Graham Sumner
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Liberty in Sumner's view
Liberty in Sumner's view
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Homestead Act
Homestead Act
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Morrill Land Grant College Act
Morrill Land Grant College Act
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Bonanza farms
Bonanza farms
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Golden age of the cattle kingdom
Golden age of the cattle kingdom
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Transcontinental railroad
Transcontinental railroad
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Mountain Meadows Massacre
Mountain Meadows Massacre
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Chinese immigration
Chinese immigration
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Native Americans in the Great Plains
Native Americans in the Great Plains
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Indigenous displacement
Indigenous displacement
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Agricultural dependence
Agricultural dependence
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Cattle drives
Cattle drives
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Peace Policy (1869)
Peace Policy (1869)
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Ely Parker
Ely Parker
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Buffalo Destruction
Buffalo Destruction
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Dawes Act (1887)
Dawes Act (1887)
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Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
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Wounded Knee Massacre
Wounded Knee Massacre
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Ghost Dance
Ghost Dance
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
Bureau of Indian Affairs
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Assimilation Policies
Assimilation Policies
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Kill the Indian, save the man
Kill the Indian, save the man
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Battle of Little Bighorn
Battle of Little Bighorn
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Crédit Mobilier Scandal
Crédit Mobilier Scandal
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Tweed Ring
Tweed Ring
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Settler Societies
Settler Societies
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Cultural Autonomy
Cultural Autonomy
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Patrons of Husbandry
Patrons of Husbandry
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Farmers Alliance
Farmers Alliance
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People's Party (Populists)
People's Party (Populists)
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Omaha Platform
Omaha Platform
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Direct election of senators
Direct election of senators
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Graduated income tax
Graduated income tax
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Public ownership of railroads
Public ownership of railroads
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Pullman Strike
Pullman Strike
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Homestead Strike
Homestead Strike
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Coxey's Army
Coxey's Army
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High freight rates
High freight rates
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Sharecropping system
Sharecropping system
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Economic inequality
Economic inequality
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Mary Elizabeth Lease
Mary Elizabeth Lease
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Panic of 1893
Panic of 1893
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In re Debs
In re Debs
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Business unionism
Business unionism
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Free Silver
Free Silver
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William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan
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Cross of Gold speech
Cross of Gold speech
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Gold Standard Act of 1900
Gold Standard Act of 1900
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McKinley Tariff
McKinley Tariff
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Dingley Tariff of 1897
Dingley Tariff of 1897
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Sherman Antitrust Act
Sherman Antitrust Act
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Populist Party
Populist Party
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Laissez-faire capitalism
Laissez-faire capitalism
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Labor Rights Movement
Labor Rights Movement
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Government Regulation
Government Regulation
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Worker Protections
Worker Protections
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Gilded Age
Gilded Age
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Labor Strikes
Labor Strikes
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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
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Populist Movement
Populist Movement
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Coxey’s Army
Coxey’s Army
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Economic Transformation
Economic Transformation
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Agrarian Issues
Agrarian Issues
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Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor
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Consumer Protection
Consumer Protection
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Income Inequality
Income Inequality
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Monopolies and Corporations
Monopolies and Corporations
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Labor Rights
Labor Rights
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Political Realignment
Political Realignment
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Economic Independence
Economic Independence
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Economic Insecurity
Economic Insecurity
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The Gilded Age
The Gilded Age
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Liberty of Contract
Liberty of Contract
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The Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Conspicuous Consumption
Conspicuous Consumption
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Natural Resources
Natural Resources
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Technological Innovations
Technological Innovations
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Corporate Consolidation
Corporate Consolidation
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Horizontal Integration
Horizontal Integration
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Labor Supply
Labor Supply
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Wealth Inequality
Wealth Inequality
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Strikes
Strikes
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Social Criticism
Social Criticism
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Laissez-faire Economics
Laissez-faire Economics
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Study Notes
Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1920)
- Explosive economic growth fueled by abundant natural resources, a growing labor supply, expanding markets, and laissez-faire policies.
- Federal government played a significant role, granting land to railroads and removing Native Americans from desired lands.
- Majority of workforce transitioned to non-farming jobs, leading to urban growth. Almost 11 million Americans moved from farms to cities (1870-1920)
- Heartland (Great Lakes region) became center of manufacturing (iron, steel). Chicago became a major city with factories and stockyards.
- US industrial output surpassed combined output of Great Britain, France, and Germany by 1913.
- Railroads spurred by government grants spurred cross-cultural exchange, communication, and migration.
- Standardized time zones were created (1883). Technological innovations like the telephone, typewriter, and electricity. Thomas Edison as an important inventor of the era.
- Competition and corporate control; Trusts emerged as legal devices to manage rival firms.
- Era without personal/corporate income taxes; lack of accountability.
Business Consolidation and Industrialists
- Vertical integration (controlling all phases of production, Andrew Carnegie, steel) and horizontal integration (acquiring rival firms, John D. Rockefeller, oil).
- Rockefeller's Standard Oil controlled 90% of the nations oil industry by the 1880s.
- Philanthropy by the wealthy exemplified by Carnegie and Rockefeller, though often accompanied by ruthless business practices.
Economic Insecurity and Labor Exploitation
- Economic insecurity became a reality for many workers, with fears of unemployment and financial hardship.
- Workers faced harsh conditions with high fatality rates between 1880 and 1900 (est. 35,000 deaths yearly in workplace accidents).
- Growing wealth disparity; richest 1% held income/property equal to the bottom 99% by 1890.
- The "Gospel of Wealth" essay by Andrew Carnegie argued for philanthropic responsibility of wealth.
Critiques and Defenses of Industrial Capitalism
- Defenses: Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest), liberty of contract, and the Gospel of Wealth. "Rags to Riches" stories popularized the idea of upward mobility.
- Critiques The gap between the rich and poor, immoral business practices, and the exploitation of workers drove calls for reform.
Labor and the Republic
- Labor organizing (Knights of Labor, then AFL) and strikes (Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Homestead Strike 1892, Pullman Strike 1894) became increasingly common.
- Populist movement emerged as a response to rural hardship. Core of movement resided in farming areas of South and Midwest. Advocated for government regulation and economic reforms (direct election of senators, government control of currency, graduated income tax).
- Haymarket affair (1886) significantly damaged the image of labor movements (bombing at protest).
- Attempts to unite Black and white farmers through Populist Party efforts proved unsuccessful due to racist tactics used by Democrats to maintain power.
The Transformation of the West
- Federal government actively intervened in the West, distributing land, administering sales, and regulating territorial politics to promote settlement and resource extraction.
- Homestead Act allowed families to obtain land for agriculture.
- Mining was a major economic activity, with gold and silver rushes. Chinese immigration spurred by labor demands in mining, railroad, and farming.
- Conflicts with Native Americans arose over land rights, resources, and cultural differences.
Politics in the Gilded Age
- Political corruption and party politics marked the era (Tweed Ring).
- The rise of new corporations raised the question of whether wealth or men held power.
- Significant effort went into campaigning, despite limited presidential action/influence over public opinion.
- Two major parties had different approaches to tariffs (Republicans supported; Democrats opposed) and money supply issues (Republicans favored gold standard; Democrats favored silver/bimetallism).
The Populist Challenge
- The Populist Party platform of 1892 demanded economic and political reforms. Women became prominent figures in the Populist movement.
- The Panic of 1893 deepened economic issues faced by farmers and workers and inspired further uprisings.
- The Homestead Strike (1892) and Coxey's Army (1894) are examples of significant labor uprisings.
- Pullman Strike (1894) and government injunction for an end to striking labor unions.
The Election of 1896
- The election was a pivotal moment in national and economic history, consolidating the focus on the gold/silver standard, and the outcome influenced party alliances for decades to come. William Jennings Bryan was the Populist/Democratic presidential candidate, but lost to William McKinley.
- Republicans' focus on big industry/protectionism triumphed over the Populist and Democratic campaigns.
Comparing Gilded Age to Today
- Income inequality remains a pressing issue.
- The emergence of large corporations like the ones during Gilded Age is still a concern.
- Labor rights and conditions remain areas of continuous negotiation and struggle.
- The continuing debate on government regulation is similar to the Gilded Age.
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