US Economic and Imperialistic Interests Quiz
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Questions and Answers

During the 19th century, which two countries emerged as major powers outside of Europe?

  • The US and Japan (correct)
  • Brazil and India
  • Australia and Canada
  • Russia and China

    • Which country was world's main economic power by the end of the 19th century?

  • Germany
  • Japan
  • The US (correct)
  • Britain

    • Which country was the only Asian country that could compete with European imperialistic powers in the regional arena during the 19th century?

  • India
  • China
  • Japan (correct)
  • Korea

    • In which century did the US and Japan decide to exit their self-imposed isolation?

    <p>20th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries played just a limited role, mostly regional, until the end of the 19th century?

    <p>Japan and China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country evolved into a full-fledged industrial power while largely retaining its typical social, political, and cultural features?

    <p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the European privileges in China?

    <p>Increased resentment among the elite and everyday people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fueled separatist ambitions in China?

    <p>Western territorial control in coastal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a source of tension between the Chinese and Western powers?

    <p>Christian proselytism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were periodic outbursts of xenophobic violence observed in China?

    <p>Due to the resentment against European privileges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the decline of the Machu dynasty's influence?

    <p>The preference for siding with conservative elements and feeding people's xenophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were China's efforts at modernization only partially successful?

    <p>Due to the Crown's preference for conservative elements and fueling xenophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event allowed Japan to extend its influence outside the archipelago for the first time?

    <p>The First Sino-Japanese War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which war allowed the US to spread its influence over Cuba and to occupy Puerto Rico and the Philippines at Spain’s expense?

    <p>The US-Spanish War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replacement of the loose confederation was established after the Independence War?

    <p>Federal state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant territorial expansion came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803?

    <p>Obtaining territories from Napoleonic France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which war led to the US obtaining the northern half of Mexico’s territory?

    <p>Mexican-American War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What broke out in 1860 when President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans’ political platform asked to stop slavery’s expansion?

    <p>The Civil War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked a symbolic and practical turning point in the country’s history in 1869?

    <p>First transcontinental railroad opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did economic expansion in the US largely negatively impact, especially labor conditions and financial stability?

    <p>Labor conditions and financial stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Sherman Act adopted to break up monopolies and cartels?

    <p>1890</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal racial segregation laws limited black people’s civil rights after the civil war?

    <p>Jim Crow laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to former slave states introducing legal racial segregation after the US civil war?

    <p>End of Reconstruction era</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the first large-scale immigration to the US mostly come from in the 19th century?

    <p>Britain, Ireland, and Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to the US spreading influence over Cuba and occupying Puerto Rico and the Philippines?

    <p>The US-Spanish War in 1898</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the only democratic President between Abraham Lincoln’s killing and Theodore Roosevelt’s inauguration?

    <p>Andrew Johnson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country did Japan engage in a war with for the control of Manchuria in 1904-1905?

    <p>Russia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered the 1905 Russian revolution which the tsarist authorities harshly repressed?

    <p>The Russo-Japanese War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country did Japan sign an alliance treaty with in 1902 and renew in 1905?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which US President mediated the peace of Portsmouth, ending the Russo-Japanese War?

    <p>Theodore Roosevelt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to China being opened to international intercourses?

    <p>British victories in the Opium wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the beginning of a retrenchment for Britain and its focus on colonial possessions?

    <p>The alliance treaty with Japan in 1902</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Japan’s territorial expansion and its participation in the suppression of the Boxer revolt in China?

    <p>'Meiji Restoration' in Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pushed Japan to the forefront of international politics and triggered European power contemptuous reactions?

    <p>'Meiji Restoration' in Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ended Japan’s period of self-isolation (sakoku), lasting until 1853?

    <p>Commodore Matthew C. Perry opening the country to international intercourses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pushed Germany to refocus on Europe and reduce its imperial engagements?

    <p>Japan's rise to regional preeminence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the European privileges in China?

    <p>The decline of the Crown's influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were China's efforts at modernization only partially successful?

    <p>The Crown's preference for siding with conservative elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fueled separatist ambitions in China?

    <p>European territorial control in coastal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the decline of the Machu dynasty's influence?

    <p>Antagonizing Western powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were periodic outbursts of xenophobic violence observed in China?

    <p>Growing European privileges and Christian proselytism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributed to the resentment among both the elite and everyday people in China?

    <p>Aggressive Christian proselytism by Western missionaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a product of the Crown's inability to control local powers or even its own governors?

    <p>Successful separatist movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a strategy that antagonized Western powers and speeded up the Machu dynasty’s downfall?

    <p>Feeding people’s xenophobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which war did the British victory in Plassey (1757) make the East India Company (EIC) the paramount power of the Indian subcontinent?

    <p>The Seven Year War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main protagonists of the so-called ‘first imperialism’ during the early phase of European imperialism?

    <p>Chartered companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which century did European powers already have their footholds in many parts of the world?

    <p>16th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to the 1904 Anglo-French Entente?

    <p>The Fashoda incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Berlin conference in 1884?

    <p>Increased European control over Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiated Britain's colonial approach from France's?

    <p>Avoidance of interference with existing power structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main businesses of European companies in India and its hinterland during the 18th century?

    <p>Renting mercenaries to local rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the East India Company (EIC) as a political entity in India?

    <p>The 'Great Mutiny' in 1857-59</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the British becoming the protectors of the Mughal dynasty after the second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805)?

    <p>The EIC assumed increasing political powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons for Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and the pursuit of national prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country signed a defensive treaty with Japan in 1902 to disengage its fleet from Eastern Asia and redeploy it in the home seas?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the 1901 Cuban constitution, according to the provisions of the Platt amendment?

    <p>Granting the US several special rights over the country, setting restrictions on Cuban sovereignty, and guaranteeing the US the right to lease land to establish naval bases and coaling stations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to European and US hostility towards Japan's assertiveness in 1902?

    <p>Japan's assertiveness fostering European and US hostility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor largely explains Japan’s ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>National prestige and economic considerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element led to Germany refocusing on Europe and reducing its imperial engagements?

    <p>The signing of a defensive treaty between Britain and Japan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the British victory in Plassey (1757) during the Seven Year War?

    <p>It made the East India Company (EIC) the paramount power of the Indian subcontinent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 18th century, who were the main protagonists of the early phase of European imperialism?

    <p>Chartered companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the chartered companies in the 'first imperialism' during the early phase of European imperialism?

    <p>They operated as private ventures under a royal charter, granting them several privileges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Berlin conference of 1884?

    <p>Regulation of European colonisation and trade in Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country preferred indirect rule in its colonial possessions?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for France's clashes with British authorities in Fashoda, South Sudan?

    <p>Penetration in Africa along a West/East axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main businesses of European companies in India and its hinterland during the 18th century?

    <p>Renting mercenaries to local rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the European privileges in China?

    <p>Deepening of European and US hostility towards Japan's assertiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the East India Company (EIC) and the transfer of its political powers to the British government?

    <p>The 'Great Mutiny' in 1857-59</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons for Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and the desire to gain equal status with European powers and the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country signed a defensive treaty with Japan in 1902 to disengage its fleet from Eastern Asia and redeploy it in the home seas?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the beginning of a retrenchment for Britain and its focus on colonial possessions?

    <p>The 1904 Anglo-French Entente</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pushed Japan to the forefront of international politics and triggered European power contemptuous reactions?

    <p>Japan's assertiveness, economic considerations, and military cliques' pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which European power became almost uncontested in many extraEuropean theatres after the Seven Year War?

    <p>Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What made the East India Company the paramount power of the Indian subcontinent during the 18th century?

    <p>The British victory in the Battle of Plassey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ventures were the main protagonists of the early phase of European imperialism according to the text?

    <p>Chartered companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main businesses of European companies in India during the 18th century?

    <p>Renting mercenaries to local rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the European privileges in China?

    <p>Resentment and periodic outbursts of xenophobic violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of the 1884 Berlin conference regarding European colonisation in Africa?

    <p>It regulated European colonization and trade in Africa, trying to keep rivalries under control and opening the 'scramble for Africa'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the British colonial approach as different from France's?

    <p>Avoiding interference with existing power structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country adopted an openly imperialistic posture in its foreign intercourses between 1898 and 1910?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key reasons for Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and the desire to gain strategic advantages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main impact of the 1901 Cuban constitution, according to the provisions of the Platt amendment?

    <p>Granting the US several special rights over the country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to European and US hostility towards Japan's assertiveness in 1902?

    <p>Japan's assertiveness fostering European and US hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked a symbolic and practical turning point in Japan's history in 1869?

    <p>The end of Japan's period of self-isolation (sakoku)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element prompted Japan's territorial expansion and its participation in the suppression of the Boxer revolt in China?

    <p>National prestige and the need to assert equal status with European powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the European privileges in China?

    <p>Fueled separatist ambitions in China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and a desire for national prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element led to European and US hostility towards Japan's assertiveness in 1902?

    <p>Japan's imperialistic foreign policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons for Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and a desire for national prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized Japan's foreign policy until World War II?

    <p>Imperialistic tendencies and economic ambitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor largely explains Japan's ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and a desire for national prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the British government signing a defensive treaty with Japan in 1902?

    <p>Japan's assertiveness and European hostility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation behind Japan's assertiveness that led to European and US hostility?

    <p>Imperialistic tendencies and a desire for national prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What largely explains Japan’s ambition to gain a foothold in mainland Asia?

    <p>Economic considerations and a desire for national prestige</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Japan’s assertiveness fostering European and US hostility?

    <p>Japan’s imperialistic foreign policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized Japan’s assertiveness that led to European and US hostility?

    <p>Japan’s imperialistic foreign policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of US and Japan in the 19th Century

    • Emergence of the US and Japan as significant regional powers outside Europe.
    • Both nations laid foundations for future global importance despite initial limited roles.
    • European powers often underestimated and tried to impede both countries' political ascendance, largely without success.
    • By century's end, the US became the leading economic power, surpassing Britain and Germany in industrial production.
    • Japan emerged as the only industrialized Asian country, maintaining its unique cultural and social identity.

    Key Events Leading to International Influence

    • Both countries ended self-imposed isolation between the 19th and 20th centuries.
    • The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) marked Japan's first major international influence.
    • The US engaged in the Spanish-American War (1898), expanding influence in Cuba and acquiring Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
    • These conflicts initiated debates on both nations' roles as 'Great Powers.'

    Diverting Paths Post World War I

    • Post-World War I, both nations eyed the Pacific as their sphere of influence but grew increasingly competitive.
    • Rivalry over China contributed to escalating tensions, leading to Japan's declaration of war on the US in 1941.

    US Historical Developments

    • US history in the 19th century divided into pre and post-Civil War (1861-65) periods.
    • The 1789 Constitution established a federal state, replacing the earlier confederation.
    • Significant territorial expansion began with the Louisiana Purchase (1803), acquiring vast territories from France.
    • Subsequent acquisitions included Florida (1819), Texas (1845), and large portions of Mexico post-Mexican-American War (1846-48).

    Slavery and the Civil War

    • The slavery issue emerged, leading to tensions over state admissions as slave vs. free states.
    • The 1860 election of Lincoln prompted secession from southern states, leading to the Civil War.
    • The war marked the first modern conflict, with its causes deeply rooted in social, economic, and ideological differences.
    • The North’s victory abolished slavery (XIII-XV Amendments) but initiated the era of Jim Crow laws imposing racial segregation.

    Economic Expansion Post-Civil War

    • After the Civil War, the US experienced remarkable economic growth and industrialization.
    • The First transcontinental railroad opened in 1869, reinforcing national connectivity.
    • Economic conditions were often harsh leading to labor unrest and the emergence of monopolistic corporations.
    • Significant immigration shifted from Northern and Western Europe to Southern Europe and beyond.

    Political Landscape

    • Republican party dominated post-Civil War politics; few Democrats held power.
    • Post-1898, US foreign policy shifted towards imperialism, acquiring territories and engaging in global politics.
    • Events included the US-Spanish War (1898), involvement in the Boxer Rebellion (1900), and building of the Panama Canal.

    Japan's Transformation

    • Japan underwent self-isolation (sakoku) until US Commodore Perry's 1853 intervention opened it to the world.
    • The fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868 led to the Meiji Restoration, triggering modernization along Western lines.
    • Japan abolished unequal treaties imposed after Perry and began territorial conquests, starting with victories in the Sino-Japanese War.

    Japan and the Great Powers

    • Japan emerged as a competitor to Western powers, especially the US, amidst rising nationalist sentiments.
    • The 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance represented a strategic shift in British foreign policy.
    • Growing expansionist ideologies among Japan's elite led to tensions with neighboring countries and the West.

    Contrast with China's Decline

    • Japan's rise during the late 19th century contrasted sharply with China's internal strife and decline.
    • Both countries had initially engaged in self-isolation but diverged in their responses to foreign influence.

    European Imperialism Context

    • European imperialism predates the 19th century, with earlier footprints in Asia and the Americas.
    • The outcome of the Seven Years War (1756-1763) solidified British dominance in colonial territories.
    • The East India Company's power expansion set the stage for British control over the Indian subcontinent.
    • Expansion tactics included both direct annexation of territories and indirect rule via treaties with local rulers.

    Aftermath of the Great Mutiny

    • The Great Mutiny (1857-59) marked a critical turning point in British colonial rule in India, leading to direct British government control post-dissolution of the East India Company.
    • The political landscape of British India was realigned while incorporating significant military and administrative revisions.

    India as the “Jewel of the Crown”

    • India held a crucial position as Britain’s most valuable colony, though faced challenges from European rivals throughout the 19th century.### Russian Expansion and British Relations
    • Russia's territorial expansion in Central Asia reduced the buffer with British India, escalating tensions between London and St. Petersburg.
    • Tensions throughout the century were exacerbated by the "Eastern question," leading to British involvement in the Anglo-Afghan Wars (1839-42, 1878-80).
    • The Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1907 formalized peace by recognizing Afghanistan's neutrality and clarifying British and Russian spheres of influence in Persia.

    French Imperialism and Anglo-French Rivalry

    • France began overseas expansion post-Franco-Prussian War, focusing on North and West Africa, South-East Asia, and the Levant.
    • The late 19th-century's French ambition of territorial gains in Africa ignited conflict with British interests, culminating in the 1898 Fashoda incident.
    • The Fashoda standoff nearly led to armed conflict but concluded with diplomatic resolutions, paving the way for the 1904 Anglo-French Entente.

    The Scramble for Africa

    • The Berlin Conference of 1884 attempted to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa, igniting the "scramble for Africa."
    • African territories under European control skyrocketed from 10% in 1870 to nearly 90% by 1914, with only Liberia and Ethiopia remaining independent.
    • Major colonial powers included Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, with Britain and France exerting the most influence.

    Conflicts from Imperialism

    • European imperialism sparked conflicts with indigenous populations, such as the Zulu War (1879) and the lengthy Ashanti wars fought by Britain from 1823 to 1900.
    • Rivalries also arose with white settlers like the Boers, who fought against Britain in two wars (1880-81, 1899-1902).

    Motivations for Imperial Expansion

    • By the 19th century’s end, imperial expansion had become a necessity as further territorial gains were limited.
    • Economic benefits, including access to raw materials, labor markets, and captive markets for manufactured goods, drove imperialism.
    • National leaders embraced imperialism to bolster their countries' statuses amid prevalent social Darwinist views promoting national strength.

    Colonial Administration Styles

    • Britain employed indirect rule in colonies like India, relying on local rulers and avoiding significant disruptions to established power structures.
    • Economic motivations guided British non-interference, with a focus on securing strategic bases along sea lines of communication (SLOCs).
    • In contrast, France favored direct rule, promoting its administrative systems and culture while fostering a "Francesized" elite as intermediaries.

    Legacy of Colonial Models

    • Both Britain and France’s colonial models left enduring impacts on the political, social, and economic traits of their former colonies.
    • Post-imperial systems continued to manifest characteristics reminiscent of their respective colonial powers.

    American Imperialism

    • 19th-century imperialism also emerged outside Europe, notably in Russia’s expansion into Siberia and the American westward movement.
    • Between 1898 and 1910, the U.S. adopted a more overtly imperialistic foreign policy, acquiring territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

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    Test your knowledge about US economic and imperialistic interests in the Caribbean, Central American states, and Cuba in the early 1900s, including the provisions of the Platt amendment. Explore Japan's imperialistic foreign policy as well.

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