US Civil Rights 1890-1990

• The booklet provides an overview of Unit 3: The American Century, c.1890-1990
• This unit looks at US Civil Rights from 1890-1990

Key skills to be developed

• Literacy skills are emphasized through activities marked with an "L" icon
• Activities marked with an "N" icon develop numeracy skills
• Web link icons suggest further online research
• A key skills icon that relates to literacy, numeracy, thinking, and planning and organization, as set out by the Welsh Government is included
• Activities are directly related to exam preparation and include mind-mapping, making notes, or planning and essay
• Extension activities ('stretch and challenge') designed to improve understanding are also present
• QR Codes throughout the booklet, when scanned, provide access to videos, extra reading

Topics covered

• The early civil rights activists
• World War I and its impact
• African Americans in the Depression
• World War II
• Birth of Modern Civil Rights
• MLK and non-violence
• Direct action and Malcolm X
• African-American experience 1968-1990

Presidents of the USA

• Abraham Lincoln served as president from 1861-1865
• Andrew Johnson served as president from 1865-1869
• Ulysses Simpson Grant served as president from 1869-1877
• Rutherford Birchard Hayes served as president from 1877-1881
• James Abram Garfield served as president in 1881
• Chester Alan Arthur served as president from 1881-1885
• Grover Cleveland served as president from 1885-1889
• Benjamin Harrison served as president from 1889-1893
• Grover Cleveland served as president from 1893-1897
• William McKinley served as president from 1897-1901
• Theodore Roosevelt served as president from 1901-1909
• William Howard Taft served as president from 1909-1913
• Woodrow Wilson served as president from 1913-1921
• Warren Gamaliel Harding served as president from 1921-1923
• Calvin Coolidge served as president from 1923-1929
• Herbert Clark Hoover served as president from 1929-1933
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt served as president from 1933-1945
• Harry S. Truman served as president from 1945-1953
• Dwight David Eisenhower served as president from 1953-1961
• John Fitzgerald Kennedy served as president from 1961-1963
• Lyndon Baines Johnson served as president from 1963-1969
• Richard Milhous Nixon served as president from 1969-1974
• Gerald Rudolph Ford served as president from 1974-1977
• Jimmy Carter served as president from 1977-1981
• Ronald Wilson Reagan served as president from 1981-1989
• George Herbert Walker Bush served as president from 1989-1993

Sub-topic 1: Early Civil Rights Activists

• This section outlines the key challenges to the law in the Supreme Court and describes the work of early civil rights activists
• Explores the differences in the approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois plus evaluates the success of the early civil rights campaigns
• Significant Supreme Court rulings during this time include Plessy v Ferguson (1892), Williams v Mississippi (1896), Cumming v Board of Education (1899)

Plessy v Ferguson (1892)

• Homer Adolph Plessy bought a ticket on a train in Louisiana and sat in a whites-only car in 1892
• Plessy was arrested for refusing to leave the car at the conductor's request; the judge was Hon. John H. Ferguson
• Plessy's petition against Ferguson was rejected locally but brought to the Supreme Court in 1896

Williams v Mississippi (1896)

• Williams, on trial for murder, challenged the fairness of his trial due to the all-white jury
• Mississippi argued that jurors must be voters, and black people were excluded from voting via literacy tests and poll taxes

Cumming v Board of Education (1899)

• Cumming led a group of black citizens challenged Richmond County (Georgia) Board of Education's failure to fund black high schools
• Only four black high schools existed in the entire Deep South at this time

Booker T. Washington

• Born into slavery in Virginia in 1856, Booker T Washington attended school and befriended the founder of the Hampton Institute in 1872
• He received a scholarship and became a teacher at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
• Washington founded West Virginia State University in 1891 also helped establish the National Urban League (NY) in 1910
• Washington delivered a speech at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895 and urged black involvement of white people
• The 'Atlanta Compromise' speech outlined place for both white and black people in America
• Became known as an 'accommodationist', which was a stance criticised by members of the black elite, especially in the North

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Born in Massachusetts in 1868, Du Bois earned a BA degree at Fisk University and a PhD from Harvard
• Harvard prevented him from living on campus
• He taught at Atlanta University, writing about the lives of African Americans
• Initially supported Booker T. Washington, but by 1900, Du Bois advocated for more active resistance to discrimination
• He urged using legal and political processes via 'unceasing agitation'
• Du Bois helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905, which argued that Washington's ideas and Tuskegee institute was designed to keep black people in the old rural south
• Du Bois also played an important role in the setting up of the NAACP
• By the 1930s, Du Bois favored in the Pan-African movement and later joined the Communist party

NAACP Formation

• In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded using the Springfield race riots of 1908 as a national platform
• Du Bois led the NAACP and edited its magazine, The Crisis with the aim to fight segregation through legal actions
• The NAACP had both black and white supporters with aim of full civil rights, it was peaceful
• The NAACP was able to use the courts to outlaw the 'grandfather clause' in 1915
• The NAACP gained publicity with their anti-lynching campaign working alongside Ida B. Wells
• By 1919, the NAACP had 88,448 members, however many of their legal battles began to diminish by 1914

Increase In militarism

• In 1915, WJ Simmons reformed the Ku Klux Klan and extended their hostility to Jews, Catholics, and 'foreigners'; black people remained a key focus
• In 1913 President Wilson exacerbated Jim Crow Laws by segregating the toilets, lunchrooms and work areas of federal offices
• Potential workers had to attach photos of themselves to their job applications

Key dates

• 1896 - Plessy vs. Ferguson
• 1898 - Williams vs. Mississippi
• 1899 - Cunningham vs. Board of Education
• 1895 - Atlanta Compromise
• 1908 - Springfield race riots
• 1909 - Foundation of the NAACP

Sub-topic 2: World War I and Its Impact

• Discusses the African American experience in World War I also assesses the impact of Marcus Garvey, A Philip Randolph
• Analyses the key developments affecting black Americans 1890-1929

WWI facts

• In 1917, approximately 2 million African Americans enlisted
• African American recruits were usually given combat roles and served under the 'Services of Supply' section to assist white soldiers
• Black soldiers faced racial discrimination in the armed services and were often barred from actual combat; they were placed in labor units
• Many black soldiers demanded their rights as American citizens after being empowered by army service
• Civil Rights Movement and the NAACP expanded
• Service in World War allowed African American soldiers to broaden their social, political, geographic and cultural horizons
• Jazz was introduced to France and the world

Great Migration

• World War I marked the beginning of the Great Migration
• Approximately 500,000 African Americans migrated to Northern cities like Chicago, New York, and Detroit
• 500,000 had already migrated before
• The demographics of the United States was fundamentally transformed by the first half of the twentieth century

Contributing factors to the Great Migration

• The South's economy was precarious due to cotton dependency, which kept wages low
• Many wished to escape the Jim Crow Laws and threat of lynching
• The North was described as being 'economically dynamic'
• The 1910s and 1920s saw rapid urbanization and industrial growth, boosted by World War I
• The KKK was worse in southern states
• Northern factory workers $3.25 per day, whilst the South earned 75c
• Harlem became a focal point for black pride, intrinsically linked with jazz music and art
• Detroit's black population rose 200%, New York 500%, Chicago 400% between 1880-1920 making the North attractive
• Price crash in early 1900s made Northern property cheaper close to industrial areas
• A wave of poor harvests hit the South Eastern states

Post Migration

• Between 1915 and 1925, 1.25 million African Americans sought employment in the North, another 1 million migrated North
• By 1960 around 6 million made the move from the South
• African Americans that moved north forced to live in ghettos like Calumet City and Harlem
• Detroit black population rose 200%, New York at 500%, Chicago at 400% between 1880-1920, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh
• New Orleans white population was outnumbered by Black civilians by 1910, breaking up families and friends from the South
• Migration North included increased racial tension and segregation
• 82% of Chicago segregated by 1930
• Race riots occurred in 25 cities in 1919
• Blacks barred from white-collar posts mostly - Trade unions imposed racial restrictions

Activism

• Marcus Garvey founded the 'Universal Negro Improvement Association' (UNIA) in 1914 and pushed for strong economic strength
• Garvey gained North cities following in 1920 - The Black Factories Corporation and the Black Star Line was founded
• NAACP opposed to UNIA which had FBI investigation
• UNIA's goal champion black nationhood to liberate Africa from black rule
• Make the black race conscious boost ideals into every black individual
• Make black world conscious and self respect
• A Phillip Randolph created an unemployment office and Trade Union Movement
• Became president of the National Brotherhood of Workers in America, and created unions for elevator operators (1917) - Pullman Railroad Company (1925) two key industry black North

Key dates

• 1914: Foundation of Garvey's UNIA
• 1915: Start of the Second Great Migration
• 1917: America joins the First World War
• 1918: First American troops reach Europe
• 1919: Founding of the Black Star line Express
• 1919: Race Riots

Sub-topic 3: African Americans in the Great Depression

• The economic depression was triggered by the New York stock market in 1929 collapse
• Black Americans had pre-existing poverty than white Americans
• Urban black unemployment averaged 45% when crop prices plummeted also black farmers migrated to cities
• Roosevelt became president in March 1933
• In 1932, the American force was 25%
• Roosevelt proposed a 'New Deal' and agencies to help the poor and unemployed

Alphabet Agencies impacts

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) offered subsidies to landowners to stop farming but also led to use of evictions
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) gave the unemployed jobs and benefitted many African Americans
• Federal Emergency Relief Association (FERA) spent over 4$.4 billion on unemployment relief and was offered jobs
• Social Security Act was set up for insurance and pensions which was funded by employee and employer

Eleanor Roosevelt facts

• Guaranteed regular meetings with black leaders especially with NAACP
• Often photographed and invited to functions like black singers to the White House
• Wrote the column "My Day' which was published across the nation that discussed black rights
• Promoted National Sharecroppers Week to abolish Poll Tax supported during the 2nd World War
• Met black leaders during war improved workers rights

Shifts into voting patterns

• Civil rights became prominent
• Most black Africans switched democratic allies during 1930 s
• Roosevelt won 85% of votes in Harlem where
• In the midst of the Democrats were more aware of rights for all
• Congress failed to black rights due to Roosevelt
• There were very little Black voters registered were also deterred by crime due

Key dates

• 1929 Wall Street Crash
• 1933 Roosevelt becomes President
• 1933 New deal in Alphabet Agencies
• 1938 - Social Security Act passed
• 1941 - Only %3 black voters registered
• 1942 - USA entered World War 2

Sub-topic 4: WWII

• In 1940, less than half hired and earned less
• Defense industries indicated 1/2 higher employment
• The Double V increased civil rights 1940
• The "Pittsburgh Courier" and victory campaign

March on Washington Facts

• Phillip Randolph discrimination action was set up
• Roosevelt issued the Executive order
• The Randolph was to prevent workplace

Fair Employment facts

• Paragraph over 88hundredinvestigateover88 hundred investigate over 88hundredinvestigateover800 60 of it

Armed forces facts

• Jim Crow army
• African soldiers given limited training and facility endurance, moral mental deficieny
• As for for to the only of officer
• It is only was the year which is of that as for

President Roosevelt had the corps to be recruited The for White has only 6,295 by the end of 1945 and by with to fly The air squadron Tuskegee Alabama Navy discrimination

War efforts cases

• 1942 washington's of the
• Sponsored ganes of
• James farmer also integrated with -Irene Morgan in 1994
• The Senate

Key Dates

• 940s
• 1941 Fair Employment Commission
• 1941 America has joined the army
• 1941 the March on Washington
• 1942 the Bening has began in the world war

Sub-topic 5: Birth of Modern Civil Rigths

• Geography of Africans Americans and the migration
• Soldiers had the battle for fascism dictatorship

Committee of civil rights

• Truman realized was 1947 the to has

Government facts

• Elsenhor 1952 change

  • Earl was

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• The 9 black to - In 1947 Senator

Bus facts

• A set of businesses became -1953 of Louisianian
• 1955 Alabama
• Roased is by with the By
• Black for was what
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Sub-topic 7 Militant Action and Malcom

• Often the people
• Black community is that of this
• Black power focus on economic empowerment and separated economic power

Facts of movements

• Stocklet focused in the to violence
• The in the Black
• 1985 Malcon assassination

Riots Facts

• A riots in 1965 - The just the day
• 42 and was over
• Police the violence
• SCNC started the power.
• 16 of the city has spread the race

COINTELPRO

• In 1970s
• in 1970
• The that been assassinated.

###Jesse Jackson

• 195
• To saved humanity Jackson

• *Sub-topic 8: African-American Experience, 1968-1990

The New South and (Counter) Migration of the 1970s

• In the Presidency of Nixon black segregated schools fell down to 8% from 63%
• Economic Prospect
• North Midwest are known had that
• Black to homes had

Civil Rights Facts

• Nixon is a 1960s victory - Southern side the strategy to is
• The Court is known had has

Affirtive

• Johnson had talked about
• 11 had the contract

Bus Information

• The high Supreme Court
• 1974 and

Jimmey Carter fact

• Jimmey Carter was one of 1974 Reagen - to give a Reagen also have the in congress

  As to that they used 3 or over welfare