Chapter 23: Urogenital System Infections

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Questions and Answers

What strains of HPV does the Gardasil vaccine protect against?

4, 7, 10, 12

1, 2, 3, 5

6, 11, 16, 18 (correct)

15, 19, 20, 21

What is the primary mode of treatment for candidiasis caused by C. albicans?

Long-term antifungal therapy

Immunotherapy

Antifungal medications (correct)

Surgery

Which symptom is commonly associated with trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?

Severe abdominal pain

Heavy menstrual bleeding

Fever and chills

Itching and burning (correct)

What is the significance of C. albicans in the normal microbiota?

It rarely causes problems in healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

What potential risk does trichomoniasis pose during pregnancy?

Increased risk of preterm birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is typically associated with cystitis?

Dysuria Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is more prone to urinary tract infections?

Elderly females Signup and view all the answers

What can acute glomerulonephritis lead to?

Kidney damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical cause of pyelonephritis?

Bacteria spreading from other parts of the urinary system Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of bacterial urethritis?

Neisseria gonorrhea and non-gonococcal urethritis Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most indicative of pyelonephritis?

Back pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can be life-threatening if not treated?

Pyelonephritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of gonorrhea in women?

Discharge Signup and view all the answers

Which complication is associated with untreated chlamydia in women?

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of gonorrhea in males?

Orchitis Signup and view all the answers

How is syphilis primarily transmitted?

Direct contact usually sexual Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if gonorrhea is left untreated?

Chronic infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for syphilis?

10-90 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of untreated gonorrhea?

Cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for syphilis?

Treponema pallidum Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the primary stage of syphilis?

Painless sore that ulcerates Signup and view all the answers

In what timeframe does the primary syphilis sore heal spontaneously?

3-6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages begins after the chancre starts to heal?

Secondary syphilis Signup and view all the answers

Which herpes simplex virus type is primarily associated with oral herpes?

HSV-1 Signup and view all the answers

What type of rash is associated with secondary syphilis?

Reddish-brown and contagious Signup and view all the answers

Which complications may arise from untreated syphilis?

Development of gummas and personality disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with a herpes infection?

Blisters Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cervical cancers is caused by HPV strains 16 and 18?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health risk of congenital syphilis?

Neurosyphilis and birth defects Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the transmission of herpes during pregnancy?

It can lead to spontaneous abortion or severe disabilities Signup and view all the answers

At what stage is syphilis generally considered non-infectious?

Tertiary stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about HPV is accurate?

Most HPV infections resolve spontaneously Signup and view all the answers

What condition can arise from gummas in tertiary syphilis?

Spinal cord paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the majority of genital warts caused by HPV?

They are asymptomatic Signup and view all the answers

What is a common name for lesions caused by HPV in the genital area?

Condylomata acuminata Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the risk associated with HIV in the context of herpes infections?

Herpes increases susceptibility to HIV Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urogenital System Infections

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): The urinary system filters blood, removes waste, and regulates electrolytes/water. Common sites of infection include the bladder and urethra (males and females). Males can also get infections in the urethra, testes, prostate, and epididymis. Females have infections in the vulva, vagina, cervix, and fallopian tubes. UTIs can be caused by environmental colonization, shifts in microbiota (hormonal/physiological changes), fecal contamination, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections:
Cystitis: Commonly caused by E. coli (fecal bacteria).
Pyelonephritis: A serious kidney infection often caused by bacteria from other urinary infections, leading to systemic issues.
Leptospirosis: A bacterial kidney infection spread by animal urine, especially in contaminated water. More common in warm climates than cool.
Bacterial Reproductive Tract Infections:
Bacterial Vaginosis: An imbalance in vaginal microbiota, decreased lactobacilli, and high vaginal pH. Gardnerella vaginalis is the most common cause. Characterized by vaginal discharge, odor, burning, and itching.
Gonorrhea: Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Affects reproductive and urinary tracts. Symptoms include urethritis; untreated, it can progress to epididymitis, salpingitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease, potentially entering the bloodstream.
Chlamydia: The most common reported STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Usually asymptomatic, untreated cases can affect the male epididymis and cause salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in females.
Syphilis: Caused by Treponema pallidum. Has three stages: primary (painless chancre on genitals), secondary (skin/mucous membrane lesions), tertiary (severe systemic damage).
Chancroid: Infection of the reproductive tract by Haemophilus ducreyi, causing characteristic soft chancres.
Viral Reproductive Tract Infections:
Genital Herpes: Usually caused by HSV-2 (though HSV-1 is possible). Can cause vesicles; recurring infections are possible. Neonatal herpes is a concern for babies born to infected mothers, ranging in severity.
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs): The most common ST viruses. Some strains cause genital warts; others are associated with cervical cancer.
Fungal Reproductive Tract Infections:
Candidiasis: Caused by Candida spp. Normally part of the microbiota in various parts of the body, including the vagina. Disruptions in the vaginal microbiota can lead to overgrowth, causing vaginal candidiasis (yeast infection).Treated with topical or oral fungicides.
Protozoan Urogenital Infections:
Trichomoniasis: Common STI caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Typically asymptomatic but can cause urinary irritation, itching, burning, and discharge from the penis or vagina if symptomatic. Treated with tinidazole or metronidazole.

General Notes

Infection diagnosis and treatment vary but often include urinalysis (leukocyte esterase/nitrite, microscopic evaluation, and urine culture) and broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Infection prevention is often difficult.
Females tend to experience UTIs more frequently than males, possibly related to anatomy (e.g., urethra length, proximity to the rectum).

Additional Notes from the provided material

Review Questions: The document includes a set of multiple-choice review questions about urogenital infections.

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Description

Explore the complexities of urogenital system infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs) and bacterial reproductive tract infections. Learn about the common causes, affected areas, and the significance of bacteria such as E. coli in these infections. This quiz aims to enhance your understanding of urogenital health.