46 Questions
What is the consequence of urease activity in the urinary tract?
Alkalization of the urine, leading to kidney and bladder stone formation
Which bacteria is commonly associated with nephritogenic strains?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the function of D-serine deaminase in the urinary tract?
To support the survival of the organism in the urinary tract
What is the name of the bacteria that causes endocarditis?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following bacteria is anaerobic?
Bacteroides
What is a common symptom of urinary tract stones?
All of the above
What is a characteristic of the bacterium that causes urinary tract stones?
It is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics
What type of infection is caused by disseminated fungal agents?
Disseminated infection
Which of the following is not a type of bacteria?
Candida
What is the function of the surface-associated lipase?
Unknown
What is a complication of urinary tract stones?
All of the above
What is the name of the bacteria that causes gonorrhoea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the role of IgA protease in the urinary tract?
Unknown
What is a common symptom of urinary tract neoplasm?
Hematuria
What is the function of the autolytic/adhesive protein?
Unknown
What is the mechanism of urinary tract stone formation?
Urease activity leading to alkalization of the urine
What type of bacteria is S. pyogenes?
Facultative anaerobe
What is the characteristic of the vaginal discharge in Gardnerella vaginalis infection?
Yellow, odorless, and no itching
What is the cause of the infection in Gardnerella vaginalis?
Decline in the number of normal lactobacilli
What is the symptom of dysuria in Gardnerella vaginalis infection?
Painful urination
What is the characteristic of the bacteria S. aureus?
Facultative anaerobe
What is the result of the imbalance of normal flora in the vagina?
Allowing candida to overgrow and cause infection
What is the characteristic of the vaginal discharge in Candida infection?
Thick, white, and cheesy
What is the symptom of pruritus in Gardnerella vaginalis infection?
Itching in the vagina
What is the result of the overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis?
Infection and imbalance of normal flora
What is the characteristic of the bacteria Bacteroides?
Obligate anaerobe
What is the primary mode of transmission of gonorrhea from an infected mother to a newborn?
Passage through the birth canal of an infected mother
Which of the following is a symptom of gonorrhea in newborns?
All of the above
What is the term for the infection of a newborn during passage through the birth canal of an infected mother?
Autoinfection
Which of the following bacteria is associated with genital chancres and ulcers?
Haemophilus ducreyi
What is the characteristic of the genome of Chlamydia trachomatis?
Double-stranded linear DNA
What is the characteristic of a painless ulcer in gonorrhea?
Shallow base with a firm rolled edge
What is the term for the inflammation of regional lymph nodes in gonorrhea?
Lymphadenitis
What is the function of fimbria-like protein in Chlamydia trachomatis?
Enable adhesion to fibroblasts and epithelial cells
Which of the following is a serotype of Chlamydia trachomatis?
L1-L3
What is the function of hyaluronidase in Chlamydia trachomatis?
Facilitate tissue infiltration
What is a common symptom of a urinary tract infection?
Hematuria
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is associated with certain kidney diseases?
Type III hypersensitivity
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leptospirosis?
Contaminated food and water
What is a common cause of urinary tract infections?
All of the above
What is a complication of urinary tract infections?
Kidney failure
What is the name of the bacteria that causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What is the term for painful urination?
Dysuria
What is the name of the virus that causes herpes zoster?
Herpes zoster virus
What is the term for the presence of pus in the urine?
Pyuria
What is a risk factor for urinary tract infections?
All of the above
Study Notes
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- UTIs can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens
- Bacterial UTIs are the most common type, with E. coli being the leading cause
- Other bacteria that can cause UTIs include Proteus, Klebsiella, and Enterococci
- Viral UTIs are less common, but can be caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) and adenovirus
- Fungal UTIs are rare, but can be caused by Candida species
Symptoms of UTIs
- Frequency and urgency of urination
- Burning sensation while urinating (dysuria)
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Pelvic pain or discomfort
- Fever and chills
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abnormal vaginal discharge
Complications of UTIs
- Kidney stones
- Interstitial nephritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Sepsis
- Kidney damage or failure
Urease-Producing Bacteria
- Urease-producing bacteria, such as Proteus, can contribute to the formation of kidney stones
- These bacteria break down urea into ammonia, which increases the pH of the urine and promotes stone formation
Adhesins and Biofilms
- Bacteria can produce adhesins, which are molecules that help them adhere to host cells and tissues
- Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria that adhere to surfaces and are resistant to antibiotics
Urethritis
- Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, which can be caused by bacterial or viral infection
- Symptoms of urethritis include dysuria, urethral discharge, and frequent urination
- Urethritis can be caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Vaginal Infections
- Vaginal infections can be caused by bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, or trichomoniasis
- Symptoms of vaginal infections include abnormal discharge, odor, itching, and burning sensation during urination
- Vaginal infections can increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
Leptospirosis
- Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira interrogans
- Symptoms of leptospirosis include fever, headache, muscle aches, and kidney failure
- Leptospirosis can be transmitted through contact with infected animals or contaminated water
Syphilis
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum
- Syphilis can cause gummatous lesions, neurosyphilis, and cardiovascular syphilis
- Syphilis can be transmitted through sexual contact, vertical transmission, or blood transfusions
This quiz covers urinary tract stones, genetics of non-enveloped double stranded DNA genome, and urinary tract neoplasms. Test your knowledge of urology and genetics.
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