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Questions and Answers
Which organ is NOT part of the urinary system?
Which organ is NOT part of the urinary system?
- Liver (correct)
- Kidney
- Urethra
- Urinary Bladder
What is the role of the renal columns?
What is the role of the renal columns?
- To serve as a passageway for nerves and blood vessels (correct)
- To filter blood
- To aid in urine formation
- To support the renal pelvis
Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for urine collection?
Which part of the kidney is primarily responsible for urine collection?
- Renal artery
- Renal pelvis (correct)
- Minor calyx
- Renal cortex
How many renal lobes typically exist in each kidney?
How many renal lobes typically exist in each kidney?
Which of the following structures receives urine from the renal pyramids?
Which of the following structures receives urine from the renal pyramids?
What aspect of kidney anatomy is covered by a fibrous renal capsule?
What aspect of kidney anatomy is covered by a fibrous renal capsule?
Which nerve supply is responsible for sympathetic stimulation in the kidney?
Which nerve supply is responsible for sympathetic stimulation in the kidney?
Which statement about the kidneys' position is accurate?
Which statement about the kidneys' position is accurate?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
What anatomical structure prevents the backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters?
What anatomical structure prevents the backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters?
Which muscle type is primarily responsible for the contraction of the bladder during urine elimination?
Which muscle type is primarily responsible for the contraction of the bladder during urine elimination?
What is the approximate length of the urethra in males?
What is the approximate length of the urethra in males?
What is the capacity at which the urinary bladder is considered full?
What is the capacity at which the urinary bladder is considered full?
The parathyroid glands play a crucial role in regulating which of the following?
The parathyroid glands play a crucial role in regulating which of the following?
Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the urinary bladder?
Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the urinary bladder?
What is the role of osteoclasts in calcium homeostasis?
What is the role of osteoclasts in calcium homeostasis?
What is the primary mechanism by which filtration occurs in the nephron?
What is the primary mechanism by which filtration occurs in the nephron?
Which component of the blood is typically too large to be filtered through the glomerulus?
Which component of the blood is typically too large to be filtered through the glomerulus?
What happens to glucose during the reabsorption process in the nephron?
What happens to glucose during the reabsorption process in the nephron?
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
If the size of the afferent arteriole (AA) is greater than the size of the efferent arteriole (EA), what is the expected effect on GFR?
If the size of the afferent arteriole (AA) is greater than the size of the efferent arteriole (EA), what is the expected effect on GFR?
Which process describes the removal of waste products from the blood into the nephron?
Which process describes the removal of waste products from the blood into the nephron?
What is required for both reabsorption and secretion processes within the nephron?
What is required for both reabsorption and secretion processes within the nephron?
What occurs to the filtrate after it leaves the collecting duct (CD)?
What occurs to the filtrate after it leaves the collecting duct (CD)?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?
Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for urine concentration?
Which type of nephron is primarily responsible for urine concentration?
Which structure surrounds the glomerulus and is involved in the filtration process?
Which structure surrounds the glomerulus and is involved in the filtration process?
What type of blood does the efferent arteriole carry away from the glomerulus?
What type of blood does the efferent arteriole carry away from the glomerulus?
What is the primary site of filtration within the nephron?
What is the primary site of filtration within the nephron?
What is the role of peritubular capillaries?
What is the role of peritubular capillaries?
Which artery branches directly from the renal artery?
Which artery branches directly from the renal artery?
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron?
Flashcards
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
The process of filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.
What is a nephron?
What is a nephron?
The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
What is the renal cortex?
What is the renal cortex?
The outer layer of the kidney, containing the glomeruli and renal tubules.
What is the renal medulla?
What is the renal medulla?
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What is a renal pyramid?
What is a renal pyramid?
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What is the minor calyx?
What is the minor calyx?
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What is the renal pelvis?
What is the renal pelvis?
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What is the ureter?
What is the ureter?
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What is the glomerulus?
What is the glomerulus?
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Filtration
Filtration
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Reabsorption
Reabsorption
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Secretion
Secretion
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Why are red blood cells not filtered?
Why are red blood cells not filtered?
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Excretion
Excretion
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What substances are typically filtered out of the blood?
What substances are typically filtered out of the blood?
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Why is very low blood pressure dangerous for kidney function?
Why is very low blood pressure dangerous for kidney function?
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Ureter
Ureter
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Urinary Bladder
Urinary Bladder
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Trigone
Trigone
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Detrusor Muscle
Detrusor Muscle
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Internal Urethral Sphincter
Internal Urethral Sphincter
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Urethra (Female)
Urethra (Female)
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Urethra (Male)
Urethra (Male)
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External Urethral Sphincter
External Urethral Sphincter
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Study Notes
Urinary System Guide - Introduction
- The urinary system cleanses the blood, creates urine, and maintains homeostasis.
- It regulates blood pressure, blood pH, and electrolyte balance.
Urinary System Guide - Organs
- Kidney: Bean-shaped, lateral to the spine (T11-L3), retroperitoneal, left kidney typically superior.
- Ureters: tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder.
- Urinary Bladder: Stores urine.
- Urethra: tube that carries urine out of the body.
Urinary System Guide - Kidney Anatomy
- Retroperitoneal: Located behind the peritoneum.
- Bean-shaped: roughly 4.5-5 inches in length, similar to a fist.
- Renal Capsule: Fibrous outer layer covering the kidney.
- Renal Fascia: Connective tissue anchoring the kidney to the abdominal wall.
- Adrenal Gland: sits on the anterio-medial surface of the kidney.
- Renal Cortex: Superficial layer.
- Renal Medulla: Deep layer, made of renal pyramids.
- Renal Pyramid: Triangular-shaped sections of renal medulla.
- Renal Column: Portions of renal cortex between pyramids, allow for blood vessel and nerve passage.
- Renal Lobe: Renal pyramid + surrounding renal cortex. (8-18 per kidney)
- Renal Papillae: Tip/apices of renal pyramids with openings into minor calyces.
- Minor Calyx: Collect urine from the renal pyramids.
- Major Calyx: Receive urine from minor calyces.
- Renal Pelvis: Receives urine from major calyces, transports it to the ureter.
- Hilum: Area where renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney.
Urinary System Guide - Blood Flow
- Kidneys receive approximately 20% of the body's blood flow per minute.
- Blood flows through the kidneys in a highly organized manner: Aorta → Renal Artery → Segmental Arteries → Interlobar Arteries → Arcuate Arteries → Interlobular Arteries → Afferent Arterioles → Glomerulus → Efferent Arterioles → Peritubular Capillaries → Peritubular venules / Vas a recta → Interlobular Veins → Arcuate Veins → Interlobar Veins → Renal Vein → IVC.
Urinary System Guide - Nephrons
- Cortical Nephrons: (~85%) located in the renal cortex; responsible for basic blood-cleaning.
- Juxtamedullary Nephrons: (~15%) located at the cortico-medullary boundary; responsible for concentrating urine.
- Bowman's Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus; site of filtration.
- Glomerulus: Capillary network where filtration occurs.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption begins here.
- Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Descending and ascending limbs; involved in water reabsorption and urine concentration.
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Reabsorption and secretion happen here.
- Collecting Duct: Receives filtrate from DCTs; drains into minor calyces.
- Glomerular Capillaries: A capillary bed within the glomerulus.
- Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the renal tubules; reabsorption and secretion occur here.
Urinary System Guide - Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion
- Filtration: Passing of substances from blood into the nephron. Occurs in the glomerulus, non-selective
- Reabsorption: Returning essential substances to the blood from the nephron.
- Secretion: Extra waste or substances are transferred from the blood into the filtrate via the nephron.
- Excretion: the removal of waste products from the body.
Urinary System Guide - Ureters, Bladder, Urethra
- Ureters: Transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder.
- Urinary Bladder: Stores urine; has smooth muscle (detrusor)
- Urethra: Transports urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body
Urinary System Guide - Blood Calcium
- Sensors/Controllers: Parathyroid (PTH) and other factors detect low calcium levels in the blood
- Effectors: Bone resorption, increased intestinal absorption, increased reabsorption in the DCT.
Urinary System Guide - Blood Pressure
- Sensors: Baroreceptors (detect blood pressure).
- Controllers: Hypothalamus (produces ADH).
- Effectors: DCT and Collecting Duct (ADH stimulates water reabsorption).
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