Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structure connects the hilum of the kidney to the urinary bladder?
What structure connects the hilum of the kidney to the urinary bladder?
Which organ is located anteriorly to the left kidney?
Which organ is located anteriorly to the left kidney?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
What is the primary function of the ureters?
Which feature differentiates the male urethra from the female urethra?
Which feature differentiates the male urethra from the female urethra?
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What is found at the middle of the medial border of the kidney?
What is found at the middle of the medial border of the kidney?
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Which layer is immediately surrounding the kidney?
Which layer is immediately surrounding the kidney?
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What is the average length of the kidney?
What is the average length of the kidney?
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Which muscle is NOT involved in the posterior relations of the kidney?
Which muscle is NOT involved in the posterior relations of the kidney?
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What is the length range of the ureters?
What is the length range of the ureters?
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Where do the ureters open into the urinary bladder?
Where do the ureters open into the urinary bladder?
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What is the capacity range of the urinary bladder without discomfort?
What is the capacity range of the urinary bladder without discomfort?
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What part of the male urethra is the shortest?
What part of the male urethra is the shortest?
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Which surface of the urinary bladder is directed posteriorly?
Which surface of the urinary bladder is directed posteriorly?
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Which junction is NOT a site of constriction for the ureter?
Which junction is NOT a site of constriction for the ureter?
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How long is the female urethra?
How long is the female urethra?
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What anatomical structure is continuous with the apex of the urinary bladder?
What anatomical structure is continuous with the apex of the urinary bladder?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The urinary system is comprised of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- The kidneys are located on either side of the vertebral column, extending from the 12th thoracic to 3rd lumbar vertebrae.
- The right kidney is slightly lower than the left.
- Each kidney is approximately 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.
Kidney Structure
- The kidney tissue is differentiated into cortex and medulla.
- Kidneys have two surfaces, two borders, and two ends.
- The lateral border is convex, the medial border is convex at both ends and concave in its middle.
- The middle of the medial border is the hilum.
- The hilum provides passage for renal vessels, nerves, and the pelvis of the kidney.
- The pelvis is a dilated sac, extending beyond the hilum, and connecting to the ureter.
Kidney Relations (Anterior Surface)
-
Right Kidney:
- Right suprarenal gland
- Duodenum
- Liver
- Colon
- Small intestine
-
Left Kidney:
- Left suprarenal gland
- Stomach
- Spleen
- Pancreas
- Colon
- Small Intestine
Kidney Relations (Posterior Surface)
- Diaphragm
- Muscles of posterior abdominal wall (psoas major, quadratus lumborum, transversus abdominis)
Kidney Coverings
- Fibrous capsule
- Perirenal fat
- Renal fascia
- Pararenal fat
Ureters
- Two muscular tubes, one on each side of the body.
- Convey urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
- Approximately 25-30 cm in length.
- Half of the ureter course is in abdomen, while the other half is in the pelvis.
- A continuation of the hilum of the kidney.
- Opens into the postero-superior angle of the urinary bladder.
- Three sites of constriction:
- Pelvi-ureteric junction
- Crossing common iliac artery
- Ureter-vesical junction
Urinary Bladder
- A hollow viscus with a strong muscular wall.
- Serves as a reservoir for urine.
- Located in the pelvic cavity, behind the pubic bones.
- Shaped like a three-sided pyramid, placed on one of its angles.
- Capacity is approximately 220 cc, but can accommodate up to 500 cc without discomfort.
- Apex is behind the upper part of the symphysis pubis and continuous with the median umbilical ligament. The base is directed posteriorly.
Urinary Bladder (continued)
- Has three surfaces (one superior and two inferolateral).
- Each surface and base are triangular in shape.
- Related to:
- Seminal vesicles and ampulla of vas deferens (in males)
- Cervix of uterus and anterior wall of vagina (in females)
- Ureter enters superolateral angle of base.
- Inferior angle (neck) gives rise to urethra.
- In males, the neck rests on prostate and continues with the prostatic part of the urethra. - In females, it is continuous with the urethra.
Male Urethra
- 20 cm long, divided into three parts
- Prostatic part: 3 cm long, widest portion, begins at bladder neck, surrounded by prostate. Ejaculatory duct opens into it.
- Membranous part: 1 cm long, narrowest/shortest, surrounded by sphincter urethra.
- Spongy part: 16 cm long, longest, traverses penis, and ends at the external urethral orifice.
Female Urethra
- Very short (4 cm).
- Begins at neck of bladder.
- Its upper part is surrounded by the sphincter urethra.
- Shorter, wider, and more dilatable than the male urethra.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the urinary system, including the anatomy and structure of the kidneys. This quiz covers the components of the urinary system and the relations of the kidneys. Perfect for students looking to enhance their understanding of human anatomy.
