Questions and Answers
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
The urinary bladder is located in what cavity?
Pelvic cavity
What are the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
What is the cluster of capillaries that Bowman's capsule surrounds in the nephron?
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What is the elastic muscular organ that is part of the urinary system?
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What is the opening of the urethra to the outside of the body called?
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What is the double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus?
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What is the tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body?
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What is the inner layer of the kidney called?
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What are the triangular-shaped divisions of the medulla of the kidney called?
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
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What is the function of the glomerulus?
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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What is called when useful substances move out of the renal tubules and back into the capillaries?
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Production of urine is controlled by which two hormones?
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Renin stimulates _____________.
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Where does filtration in the kidney occur?
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Urine formation begins with what process?
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Filtrate contains what five substances?
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If the kidneys are not functioning properly, what occurs?
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What is the path of formation in urine?
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Reabsorption begins in the proximal convoluted tubule, which reabsorbs what percent of the water from the filtrate?
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ADH controls water reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule and is produced by the?
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What is the main complication of a kidney transplant?
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What is an early sign of acute kidney failure?
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What is the medical term for peeing just a little or scant urine?
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What is the medical term for not peeing at all?
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What set of symptoms would be seen in someone with renal calculi?
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What is the medical term for red blood cells present in the urine due to kidney trauma?
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What can break up renal calculi using shockwaves?
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Hemodialysis is used to treat what condition?
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What does dialysis involve passing blood through?
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What does dialysis use to get blood through a fistula?
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What is the most common cause of cystitis?
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What is the most likely diagnosis for a 7-year-old complaining of dysuria?
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What is the medical term for pain while urinating?
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What procedure would be the best treatment for renal failure?
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In chronic renal failure, there is a gradual loss of the function of what?
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What will Margo be treated with for acute glomerulonephritis?
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What condition is Doug suffering from if urine has backed up due to a kidney stone?
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For someone on hemodialysis, what is constructed for inserting needles?
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What is the medical term for unintentionally wetting one's pants?
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What condition might Katie have if she has a fever and flank pain along with pyuria?
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What is the medical term for pus in the urine?
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What is the medical term for bed wetting?
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How many hours per week will Mr. Jones spend on dialysis?
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What is the medical term for excessive urination?
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What is the name for the process responsible for correcting water imbalance with dehydration?
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If kidney stones get too large, which structure can they block causing severe flank pain?
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What type of blood pressure medicine is associated with urinary frequency?
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Which process of urine formation is being ineffective if someone experiences hematuria?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Overview
- The nephron is the fundamental unit of the kidney, responsible for various functions related to urine formation.
- The urinary bladder is situated within the pelvic cavity, serving as a storage organ for urine.
Anatomy of the Urinary System
- Ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule, initiating the filtration process in urine formation.
- The bladder is an elastic muscular organ capable of significant expansion.
- The urinary meatus is the external opening of the urethra.
Urine Formation Process
- Urine formation commences with the process of filtration in the kidneys, specifically within the glomerulus.
- The path of urine formation follows: glomerulus → Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting tubule.
- Reabsorption, which retrieves useful substances back into capillaries, begins in the proximal convoluted tubule, reclaiming 80% of the water from filtrate.
- Aldosterone and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) are hormones that regulate urine production and water reabsorption.
Functions of Urinary Organs
- The primary function of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the bloodstream and excrete it via urine.
- The urinary bladder temporarily holds urine until it is released from the body.
Conditions and Symptoms
- Uremia occurs when the kidneys fail to function, leading to the accumulation of toxins in the blood.
- Symptoms of renal calculi (kidney stones) include pain, nausea/vomiting, fever, chills, and hematuria (blood in urine).
- Oliguria (reduced urine output) and anuria (no urine production) are signs of acute kidney failure.
Renal Failure Treatments
- Hemodialysis is utilized for treating kidney or renal failure. A fistula is established for needle insertion during this procedure.
- A kidney transplant is often the most effective treatment for renal failure, despite the risk of rejection.
Pathological Terms
- Dysuria refers to painful urination.
- Cystitis, characterized by dysuria, commonly affects young children.
- Pyuria indicates pus in the urine, often seen in infections like pyelonephritis.
- Hematuria signifies the presence of red blood cells in urine, potentially due to kidney trauma.
Pediatric and Elderly Considerations
- Enuresis is the medical term for bedwetting in children.
- Incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of urine, common in the elderly.
Additional Terms
- A lithotriptor uses shockwaves to fragment renal calculi.
- Polyuria denotes excessive urination, often caused by various conditions.
Renal Function Tests
- The effectiveness of filtration can be assessed through urine analysis, such as checking for hematuria or pyuria.
- Antibiotics may be essential for treating infections like acute glomerulonephritis.
These notes summarize the essential aspects of the urinary system, including anatomy, functions, conditions, and treatments, with a focus on key terms and their implications in health care.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the urinary system. This quiz covers key components like nephrons, ureters, and the urine formation process. Prepare to explore how urine is formed and its journey through the kidneys and bladder.
