Urinary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What primary factor stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

  • Decreased atmospheric humidity
  • Decreased body temperature
  • Increased ion concentration in the blood (correct)
  • Increased water intake

    • Throughout the body, sodium ions make up about 50% of the osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid.

    False

    What hormone increases extracellular calcium concentrations?

    Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

    The ______ is sensitive to slight changes in extracellular potassium ion concentration.

    <p>muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormone with its effect on calcium concentration:

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = Increases Ca2+ concentration Calcitonin = Decreases blood Ca2+ concentration Vitamin D3 = Increases intestinal Ca absorption Prolonged lack of sun exposure = Decreases vitamin D3 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood ion concentration when sufficient water is consumed?

    <p>Blood ion concentration decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sweat contains significant amounts of potassium ions, which help in maintaining electrolyte balance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are primarily reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys?

    <p>Phosphate and sulfate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the intracellular fluid compartment?

    <p>It contains a relatively high concentration of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis controls the movement of ions between the intracellular and extracellular spaces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do parasympathetic action potentials play in relation to the urinary bladder?

    <p>They cause the urinary bladder to contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracellular fluid compartment includes fluid such as interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph, and __________.

    <p>cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their primary roles in body fluid regulation:

    <p>Na+ = Water retention and fluid balance K+ = Muscle contraction Ca2+ = Nerve signaling Cl− = Osmotic regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes primarily regulates water movement between fluid compartments?

    <p>Hydrostatic pressure differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negatively charged ions are regulated independent of positively charged ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves are responsible for relaxing the external urethral sphincter?

    <p>Somatic motor nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in the body?

    <p>It regulates the concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phosphate buffer system is one of the three classes of buffers in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood pH if the respiratory rate increases?

    <p>The blood pH rises due to increased carbon dioxide elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acidosis occurs when the blood pH falls below ______.

    <p>7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis = Increased blood pH due to decreased CO2 elimination Respiratory acidosis = Decreased blood pH due to increased CO2 retention Hyperkalemia = High potassium levels in the blood Hypophosphatemia = Low phosphate levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding kidney involvement in acid-base balance?

    <p>Nephrons secrete H+ into urine when pH is acidic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three classes of buffers in the body include bicarbonate, phosphate, and nucleic acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased secretion of H+ by the kidneys indicate?

    <p>It indicates that the body pH is decreasing (becoming more acidic).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located at the superior pole of each kidney?

    <p>Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal arteries extend from the renal pelvis to the kidneys.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is known as the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urine flows from the renal pelvis through the __________ into the urinary bladder.

    <p>ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their respective functions:

    <p>Calyx = Surrounds the tip of the renal pyramid Renal pelvis = Collects urine from the calyces Ureter = Carries urine to the urinary bladder Renal sinus = Space containing renal pelvis and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contains the renal pelvis?

    <p>Renal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tip of each renal pyramid is surrounded by a nephrons structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue layer anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall?

    <p>Renal fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

    <p>Transport of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right kidney is located below the spleen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic by-product is included in urine?

    <p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys are located between the _______ thoracic and _______ lumbar vertebra.

    <p>12th, 3rd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines both the ureters and the urinary bladder?

    <p>Transitional epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the urinary system with their descriptions:

    <p>Kidneys = Primary excretory organs Ureters = Transport urine from kidneys to bladder Urinary Bladder = Storage for urine Urethra = Excretes urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kidneys are present in the urinary system?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal urethral sphincter prevents urine from leaking into the urinary bladder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driving force for filtration in the kidneys?

    <p>blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys play a major role in regulating blood solute concentration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimal amount of kidney function required for survival?

    <p>One-third of one kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During sexual intercourse, the internal urethral sphincter contracts to prevent ______ from entering the urinary bladder.

    <p>semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Filtration = Nonselective separation of materials based on size or charge Reabsorption = Moving substances from filtrate back into the blood Secretion = Transporting substances from blood into the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the substances that are classified as 'throw away' items during urine production?

    <p>They end up in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reabsorption involves the removal of substances from the blood to the filtrate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the external urethral sphincter?

    <p>It controls the release of urine from the urinary bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the blood pumped by the heart flows through the kidneys each minute?

    <p>21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than 1% of the filtrate produced by the kidneys is converted into urine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the process of transporting water and solutes from the filtrate into the blood?

    <p>Tubular Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filtrate produced in the kidneys can contain _______ because some smaller proteins can pass through the filtration membrane.

    <p>albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes how sympathetic stimulation affects kidney function?

    <p>It decreases filtrate formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their ability to pass through the filtration membrane:

    <p>Antibodies = Cannot pass Glucose = Can pass Amino acids = Can pass Most plasma proteins = Cannot pass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filtration pressure is primarily affected by the amount of blood in the renal arteries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intense sympathetic stimulation can result in _______ due to reduced renal blood flow.

    <p>circulatory shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of water in the kidneys?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are always permeable to water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of tubular secretion in the kidneys?

    <p>To remove nonfiltered substances from the blood into the filtrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The three major hormonal mechanisms involved in regulating urine concentration and volume are: RAA, ADH, and __________.

    <p>ANH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can be actively secreted into the renal tubule?

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following renal processes with their definitions:

    <p>Active Transport = Movement of solutes against their concentration gradient Cotransport = Simultaneous transport of two substances across the membrane Tubular Secretion = Movement of nonfiltered substances into the filtrate Countercurrent Mechanism = Exchange of materials between fluids flowing in opposite directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys' ability to concentrate urine is solely dependent on the presence of water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ammonia in tubular secretion?

    <p>Ammonia is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism that is secreted into the renal tubule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Promote water conservation in kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) increases blood volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?

    <p>Increased blood pressure in the right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The micturition reflex is activated by the stretch of the ______ wall.

    <p>urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their primary functions:

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone = Increases water reabsorption in kidneys Atrial Natriuretic Hormone = Decreases sodium reabsorption Aldosterone = Promotes sodium retention Natriuretic Peptide = Reduces blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is directly involved in stimulating the micturition reflex?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to suppress the micturition reflex develops at an early age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of higher brain centers in relation to the micturition reflex?

    <p>They can inhibit or stimulate the reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system is the body's primary excretory system.
    • Other organ systems also excrete waste but cannot fully compensate for kidney failure.
    • The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
    • Kidneys filter a large volume of blood, separating wastes from blood and producing urine.
    • Urine contains excess water, ions, metabolic wastes (like urea), and toxic substances.
    • Survival is possible if one-third of a kidney remains functional.

    Urinary System Functions

    • Excretion: Removes metabolic waste products from the blood. Other systems such as skin, liver, lungs, and intestines also eliminate waste products.
    • Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure: Plays a major role in controlling extracellular fluid volume in the body.
    • Regulation of blood solute concentration: Regulates the concentration of major molecules and ions such as glucose, Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, HCO3-, and HPO4-.
    • Regulation of extracellular fluid pH: Excretes varying amounts of H+.
    • Regulation of red blood cell synthesis: Produces erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell creation in bone marrow.
    • Regulation of vitamin D synthesis: Controls blood levels of Ca2+ by regulating Vitamin D synthesis.

    Components of the Urinary System

    • Kidneys: Bilateral retroperitoneal, bean-shaped organs; weighing 5 ounces each and roughly the size of a clenched fist.
    • Located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra.
    • The right kidney, located below the liver, and the left below the spleen.
    • Surrounded by adipose tissue and anchored to the abdominal wall by renal fascia.
    • Renal arteries supply blood from the abdominal aorta.
    • Renal veins return filtered blood to the inferior vena cava.

    Renal Tubule

    • Proximal convoluted tubule: Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli to increase surface area.
    • Loop of Henle: Two limbs, descending and ascending, with differing permeability to water and solutes, involved in water reabsorption.
    • Distal convoluted tubule: Shorter than the proximal convoluted tubule, simple cuboidal epithelium, involved in secretion and some reabsorption.
    • Collecting ducts: Simple cuboidal epithelium carrying filtrate from cortex to medulla.

    The Nephron

    • The histological and functional unit of the kidney.
    • Approximately 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney.
    • Composed of four regions: Renal corpuscle (filters blood), proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.

    The Renal Corpuscle

    • Glomerulus: A network of capillaries that filters blood.
    • Bowman's capsule: Cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus which collects filtered fluid (filtrate).

    Urine Production

    • Filtration: Movement of substances from blood to Bowman's capsule into the filtrate. Filtration is non-selective.
    • Reabsorption: Movement of useful substances from the filtrate back into the blood (into peritubular capillaries).
    • Secretion: Movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate.

    Urine Concentration Mechanism

    • Countercurrent Mechanisms: Fluid in separate structures flowing in opposite directions (e.g. Loop of Henle), exchanging materials between the fluids.
    • Medullary concentration gradient: Interstitial fluid in the medulla becomes increasingly concentrated, allowing for water reabsorption.

    Hormonal Mechanisms

    • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism (RAA): Regulates blood pressure via the renin enzyme, affecting Na+ and water reabsorption.
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Regulates water permeability in the distal tubules and collecting ducts; promoting water reabsorption.
    • Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH): Decreases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption, reducing blood volume and blood pressure.

    Kidney Diseases

    • Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle.
    • Renal failure: Acute loss or slow progressive loss of kidney function leading possibly to needing a dialysis or kidney transplant.

    Hemodialysis

    • An artificial method of blood purification.
    • Waste products in blood are diffused into a dialysis solution.

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    Module 11: The Urinary System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential functions and components of the urinary system. It explores how kidneys filter blood, excrete waste, and regulate blood volume and solute concentration. Test your knowledge on the vital roles of this critical body system.

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