Urinary System Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?

  • Remove waste products from the blood (correct)
  • Produce hormones
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Maintain blood sugar levels

    • Which hormone is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?

  • Renin
  • Adrenaline
  • Erythropoietin (correct)
  • Insulin

    • What is the function of the ureters?

  • Storing urine
  • Transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder (correct)
  • Filtering blood
  • Regulating blood pressure

    • What is the function of the renal artery?

    <p>Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer protective layer of the kidney?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary system in maintaining pH balance?

    <p>Removing acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the renal vein?

    <p>Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary system in electrolyte balance?

    <p>Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary bladder?

    <p>Stores urine until it is excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>Filtration of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is essential for concentrating urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of renin in the body?

    <p>To regulate blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>To increase water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of arterial blood?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

    <p>Acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a normal constituent of urine?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>To promote sodium and water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of urination?

    <p>Micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of body mass that is water in an average adult?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerulus is responsible for reabsorption of nutrients and water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are normally filtered from blood in the glomerulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distal convoluted tubule is responsible for maximum reabsorption of nutrients.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Renin is an enzyme that decreases blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkalosis is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The collecting duct is responsible for filtration of blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys secrete aldosterone to regulate blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrolytes are substances that do not produce ions when dissolved in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intracellular fluid compartment contains about 1/3 of the body's water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the bones.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary system regulates blood volume by removing water and salt.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin to regulate blood pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal pelvis is a part of the ureter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medulla is the outer region of the kidney containing nephrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urethra conducts urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys regulate pH balance by removing acids and bases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minor calyx collects urine from the renal pyramids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hilum is the outer protective layer of the kidney.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary system produces the hormone renin to regulate blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cortex is the inner region of the kidney with renal pyramids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the urinary system with their descriptions:

    <p>Excretion = Removal of waste products from the blood Regulation = Maintaining blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance Production of Hormones = Including erythropoietin and renin Regulation of pH = Removing acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organs of the urinary system with their functions:

    <p>Kidneys = Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine Ureters = Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder Urinary Bladder = Stores urine until it is excreted Urethra = Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anatomical structures of the kidney with their functions:

    <p>Capsule = Outer protective layer Hilum = Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter Cortex = Outer region containing nephrons Renal Pelvis = Central urine collection area leading to the ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the nephron with their functions:

    <p>Nephron = Functional unit of the kidney Minor Calyx = Collects urine from pyramids Renal Vein = Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney Renal Artery = Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the kidneys with their effects:

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure = Removing water and salt Production of erythropoietin = Stimulating red blood cell production Regulation of electrolyte balance = Maintaining sodium, calcium, and potassium levels Regulation of pH balance = Removing acids and bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the medulla with their functions:

    <p>Pyramids = Triangular regions of the medulla Columns = Tissue between pyramids Renal Pelvis = Central urine collection area leading to the ureter Minor Calyx = Collects urine from pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones produced by the kidneys with their functions:

    <p>Erythropoietin = Stimulates red blood cell production Renin = Regulates blood pressure Aldosterone = Regulates electrolyte balance Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) = Regulates water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the urinary system with the organs involved:

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure = Kidneys Regulation of pH balance = Kidneys Storage of urine = Urinary Bladder Conduction of urine = Urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anatomical structures of the kidney with their locations:

    <p>Cortex = Outer region Medulla = Inner region Hilum = Entry/exit point Renal Pelvis = Central urine collection area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the functions of the urinary system with the substances involved:

    <p>Removal of waste products = Blood Regulation of electrolyte balance = Sodium, calcium, and potassium Regulation of pH balance = Acids and bases Regulation of blood pressure = Water and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the nephron with their functions:

    <p>Glomerulus = Filtration Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) = Maximum Reabsorption Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) = Secretion Collecting Duct = Collects urine from multiple nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Afferent Arteriole = Brings blood to the glomerulus Efferent Arteriole = Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus Peritubular Capillaries = Surround the nephron for exchange of substances Glomerular Capsule = Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their functions:

    <p>Sodium (Na+) = Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions Potassium (K+) = Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm Bicarbonate (HCO3-) = Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood Calcium (Ca2+) = Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Electrolyte = A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body’s water Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid Acidosis = Condition where blood pH is below 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of nephrons with their functions:

    <p>Cortical Nephrons = Involved in regular filtration Juxtamedullary Nephrons = Essential for concentrating urine Renal Corpuscle = Includes the glomerular capsule and glomerulus Nephron Loop = Concentrates urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their functions:

    <p>Renin = Regulates blood pressure Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) = Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume Aldosterone = Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure Erythropoietin = Not related to the urinary system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following abnormal constituents of urine with their characteristics:

    <p>Glucose = Normally reabsorbed in the PCT Proteins = Normally not filtered from blood in the glomerulus Ketones = Indicate abnormal fat metabolism Bilirubin = Indicate liver or gallbladder dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their triggers:

    <p>Micturition = Stretch receptors in the bladder Urination = Stretch receptors in the bladder Filtration = Blood pressure in the glomerulus Reabsorption = Osmotic gradient in the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body fluids with their compositions:

    <p>Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = About 2/3 of the body's water Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = About 1/3 of the body's water Plasma = Part of the ECF Interstitial Fluid = Part of the ECF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their functions:

    <p>Vitamin D = Necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines Vitamin B = Not related to calcium absorption Vitamin C = Not related to calcium absorption Vitamin K = Not related to calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ capsule surrounds the glomerulus, collecting filtrate.

    <p>glomerular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ arteriole takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus.

    <p>efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ convoluted tubule is involved in reabsorption of nutrients and water.

    <p>proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the network of capillaries where filtration occurs.

    <p>glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is responsible for secretion and selective reabsorption.

    <p>distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are normally not ______ from blood in the glomerulus.

    <p>filtered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure.

    <p>aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the process of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder.

    <p>micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About ______ percent of body mass is water in an average adult.

    <p>60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin ______ is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines.

    <p>D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary system helps to regulate blood pressure by removing ______ and salt.

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys produce the hormone ______ to stimulate red blood cell production.

    <p>erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the outer protective layer of the kidney.

    <p>capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

    <p>ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.

    <p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urinary system helps to regulate pH balance by removing ______.

    <p>acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the central urine collection area leading to the ureter.

    <p>renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the inner region of the kidney with renal pyramids.

    <p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys help to regulate blood volume by removing ______ and electrolytes.

    <p>waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the entry and exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter.

    <p>hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glomerular capsule in the nephron?

    <p>Surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nephron is mainly involved in concentrating urine?

    <p>Juxtamedullary nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the nephron?

    <p>Secretion and selective reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron?

    <p>Exchange of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of alcohol on antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Inhibits ADH, leading to increased urine production and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of aldosterone in the body?

    <p>Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

    <p>Collects urine from multiple nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of body mass that is water in an average adult?

    <p>Approximately 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

    <p>Necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acidosis, and what is an example of blood pH?

    <p>Condition where blood pH is below 7.35; Example: Blood pH of 7.25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary system in regulating blood volume, and which organs are involved in this process?

    <p>The urinary system regulates blood volume by removing water and salt. The kidneys and urinary bladder are involved in this process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney, and what is its role in filtering waste products from the blood?

    <p>The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, and it filters waste products from the blood through the process of glomerular filtration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main regions of the kidney, and what are their functions?

    <p>The two main regions of the kidney are the cortex and the medulla. The cortex is the outer region containing nephrons, while the medulla is the inner region with renal pyramids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the renal pelvis, and how does it contribute to the urinary system?

    <p>The renal pelvis is the central urine collection area leading to the ureter, and it contributes to the urinary system by collecting and transporting urine from the kidney to the bladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ureters, and how do they contribute to the urinary system?

    <p>The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, and they contribute to the urinary system by allowing for the storage of urine until it is excreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urinary bladder, and how does it contribute to the urinary system?

    <p>The urinary bladder stores urine until it is excreted, and it contributes to the urinary system by allowing for the temporary storage of urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the urethra, and how does it contribute to the urinary system?

    <p>The urethra conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, and it contributes to the urinary system by allowing for the excretion of urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin, and how is it produced?

    <p>Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, and it is produced by the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of renin, and how does it contribute to blood pressure regulation?

    <p>Renin is an enzyme that helps regulate blood pressure by stimulating the production of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the urinary system regulate pH balance, and what are the consequences of pH imbalance?

    <p>The urinary system regulates pH balance by removing acids and bases, and pH imbalance can lead to acidosis or alkalosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Functions of the Urinary System

    • Excretion: Removal of waste products from the blood
    • Regulation: Maintaining blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance
    • Production of Hormones: Erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
    • Regulating pH by removing acids
    • Regulating blood pressure by removing water and salt
    • Restoring imbalances of electrolytes (sodium, calcium, and potassium bicarbonate)

    Organs of the Urinary System and Their Functions

    • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine
    • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until it is excreted
    • Urethra: Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

    Anatomical Structures of the Kidney

    • Capsule: Outer protective layer
    • Hilum: Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter
    • Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney
    • Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
    • Ureter: Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
    • Cortex: Outer region containing nephrons
    • Medulla: Inner region with renal pyramids
    • Pyramids: Triangular regions of the medulla
    • Columns: Tissue between pyramids
    • Minor Calyx: Collects urine from pyramids
    • Major Calyx: Collects urine from minor calyces
    • Renal Pelvis: Central urine collection area leading to the ureter

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron

    Anatomical Structures of the Nephron

    • Renal Corpuscle: Includes the glomerular capsule and glomerulus
    • Glomerular Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries where filtration occurs
    • Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus
    • Efferent Arteriole: Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption of nutrients, water
    • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Concentrates urine
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Secretion and selective reabsorption
    • Collecting Duct: Collects urine from multiple nephrons
    • Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the nephron for exchange of substances

    Key Parts and Their Functions

    • Filtration: Glomerulus
    • Maximum Reabsorption: PCT
    • Secretion: DCT

    Molecules Not Filtered from Blood

    • Proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

    Types of Nephrons and Their Functions

    • Cortical Nephrons: Located mainly in the cortex, involved in regular filtration
    • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Extend into the medulla, essential for concentrating urine

    Renin and the Renin-Angiotensin System

    • Renin: Enzyme secreted by kidneys to regulate blood pressure
    • Renin-Angiotensin System: Activated by renin, it increases blood pressure and volume by constricting blood vessels and promoting aldosterone release

    Micturition and Its Trigger

    • Micturition: The act of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder

    Normal Constituents of Urine

    • Water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium)

    Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    • Glucose, proteins, ketones, blood cells, bilirubin, microbes

    Function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
    • Effect of Alcohol: Inhibits ADH, leading to increased urine production and dehydration

    Function of Aldosterone

    • Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

    Ureter Function and Bladder Opening

    • Function: Transfers urine to the bladder using peristalsis
    • Bladder Opening: Ureters enter the bladder at the posterior, inferior surface

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Electrolyte: A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity
    • Examples: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+)
    • Percent of Body Mass that is Water in an Average Adult: Approximately 60% of body mass
    • Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body's water
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid, comprising about 1/3 of the body's water
    • Compartment with Most of the Water in the Body: Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contains most of the body's water
    • Role of Electrolytes in the Body:
    • Sodium (Na+): Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions
    • Potassium (K+): Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood
    • Calcium (Ca2+): Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting
    • Vitamin Required for Absorption of Calcium: Vitamin D
    • Normal Arterial Blood pH: 7.35 - 7.45
    • Define Acidosis: Condition where blood pH is below 7.35
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.25
    • Define Alkalosis: Condition where blood pH is above 7.45
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.55
    • Causes of Metabolic Acidosis:
    • Metabolic Acidosis: Results from an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate
    • Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acidosis
    • Causes of Ketoacidosis:
    • Ketoacidosis: A form of metabolic acidosis due to high levels of ketones in the blood
    • Causes: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged starvation, excessive alcohol consumption
    • Causes of Respiratory Acidosis:
    • Respiratory Acidosis: Results from inadequate exhalation of CO2, leading to excess carbonic acid in the blood
    • Causes: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoventilation, severe pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness

    Functions of the Urinary System

    • Removes waste products from the blood through excretion
    • Regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance
    • Produces hormones, including erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
    • Regulates pH by removing acids
    • Regulates blood pressure by removing water and salt
    • Helps restore imbalances in sodium, calcium, and potassium bicarbonate (electrolytes)

    Organs of the Urinary System and Their Functions

    • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine
    • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until it is excreted
    • Urethra: Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

    Anatomical Structures of the Kidney

    • Capsule: Outer protective layer
    • Hilum: Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter
    • Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney
    • Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
    • Ureter: Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
    • Cortex: Outer region containing nephrons
    • Medulla: Inner region with renal pyramids
    • Pyramids: Triangular regions of the medulla
    • Columns: Tissue between pyramids
    • Minor Calyx: Collects urine from pyramids
    • Major Calyx: Collects urine from minor calyces
    • Renal Pelvis: Central urine collection area leading to the ureter

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron

    Anatomical Structures of the Nephron

    • Renal Corpuscle: Includes glomerular capsule and glomerulus
    • Glomerular Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries where filtration occurs
    • Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus
    • Efferent Arteriole: Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption of nutrients, water
    • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Concentrates urine
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Secretion and selective reabsorption
    • Collecting Duct: Collects urine from multiple nephrons
    • Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the nephron for exchange of substances

    Key Parts and Their Functions

    • Filtration: Glomerulus
    • Maximum Reabsorption: PCT
    • Secretion: DCT

    Molecules Not Filtered from Blood

    • Proteins
    • Red blood cells
    • White blood cells
    • Platelets

    Types of Nephrons and Their Functions

    • Cortical Nephrons: Located mainly in the cortex, involved in regular filtration
    • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Extend into the medulla, essential for concentrating urine

    Renin and the Renin-Angiotensin System

    • Renin: Enzyme secreted by kidneys to regulate blood pressure
    • Renin-Angiotensin System: Activated by renin, it increases blood pressure and volume by constricting blood vessels and promoting aldosterone release

    Micturition and Its Trigger

    • Micturition: The act of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder

    Normal Constituents of Urine

    • Water
    • Urea
    • Creatinine
    • Uric acid
    • Ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium)

    Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    • Glucose
    • Proteins
    • Ketones
    • Blood cells
    • Bilirubin
    • Microbes

    Function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
    • Effect of Alcohol: Inhibits ADH, leading to increased urine production and dehydration

    Function of Aldosterone

    • Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

    Ureter Function and Bladder Opening

    • Function: Transfers urine to the bladder using peristalsis
    • Bladder Opening: Ureters enter the bladder at the posterior, inferior surface

    Acid-Base Balance

    Define: Electrolyte

    • Electrolyte: A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity
    • Examples: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+)

    Percent of Body Mass that is Water in an Average Adult

    • Water Content: Approximately 60% of body mass

    Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body’s water
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid, comprising about 1/3 of the body’s water

    Compartment with Most of the Water in the Body

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contains most of the body's water

    Role of Electrolytes in the Body

    • Sodium (Na+): Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions
    • Potassium (K+): Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood
    • Calcium (Ca2+): Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting

    Vitamin Required for Absorption of Calcium

    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines

    Normal Arterial Blood pH

    • Normal pH: 7.35 - 7.45

    Define Acidosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Acidosis: Condition where blood pH is below 7.35
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.25

    Define Alkalosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Alkalosis: Condition where blood pH is above 7.45
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.55

    Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

    • Metabolic Acidosis: Results from an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate
    • Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acidosis

    Causes of Ketoacidosis

    • Ketoacidosis: A form of metabolic acidosis due to high levels of ketones in the blood
    • Causes: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged starvation, excessive alcohol consumption

    Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

    • Respiratory Acidosis: Results from inadequate exhalation of CO2, leading to excess carbonic acid in the blood
    • Causes: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoventilation, severe pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness

    Functions of the Urinary System

    • Removes waste products from the blood through excretion
    • Regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance
    • Produces hormones, including erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
    • Regulates pH by removing acids
    • Regulates blood pressure by removing water and salt
    • Helps restore imbalances in sodium, calcium, and potassium bicarbonate (electrolytes)

    Organs of the Urinary System and Their Functions

    • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine
    • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until it is excreted
    • Urethra: Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

    Anatomical Structures of the Kidney

    • Capsule: Outer protective layer
    • Hilum: Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter
    • Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney
    • Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
    • Ureter: Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
    • Cortex: Outer region containing nephrons
    • Medulla: Inner region with renal pyramids
    • Pyramids: Triangular regions of the medulla
    • Columns: Tissue between pyramids
    • Minor Calyx: Collects urine from pyramids
    • Major Calyx: Collects urine from minor calyces
    • Renal Pelvis: Central urine collection area leading to the ureter

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron

    Anatomical Structures of the Nephron

    • Renal Corpuscle: Includes glomerular capsule and glomerulus
    • Glomerular Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries where filtration occurs
    • Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus
    • Efferent Arteriole: Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption of nutrients, water
    • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Concentrates urine
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Secretion and selective reabsorption
    • Collecting Duct: Collects urine from multiple nephrons
    • Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the nephron for exchange of substances

    Key Parts and Their Functions

    • Filtration: Glomerulus
    • Maximum Reabsorption: PCT
    • Secretion: DCT

    Molecules Not Filtered from Blood

    • Proteins
    • Red blood cells
    • White blood cells
    • Platelets

    Types of Nephrons and Their Functions

    • Cortical Nephrons: Located mainly in the cortex, involved in regular filtration
    • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Extend into the medulla, essential for concentrating urine

    Renin and the Renin-Angiotensin System

    • Renin: Enzyme secreted by kidneys to regulate blood pressure
    • Renin-Angiotensin System: Activated by renin, it increases blood pressure and volume by constricting blood vessels and promoting aldosterone release

    Micturition and Its Trigger

    • Micturition: The act of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder

    Normal Constituents of Urine

    • Water
    • Urea
    • Creatinine
    • Uric acid
    • Ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium)

    Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    • Glucose
    • Proteins
    • Ketones
    • Blood cells
    • Bilirubin
    • Microbes

    Function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
    • Effect of Alcohol: Inhibits ADH, leading to increased urine production and dehydration

    Function of Aldosterone

    • Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

    Ureter Function and Bladder Opening

    • Function: Transfers urine to the bladder using peristalsis
    • Bladder Opening: Ureters enter the bladder at the posterior, inferior surface

    Acid-Base Balance

    Define: Electrolyte

    • Electrolyte: A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity
    • Examples: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+)

    Percent of Body Mass that is Water in an Average Adult

    • Water Content: Approximately 60% of body mass

    Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body’s water
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid, comprising about 1/3 of the body’s water

    Compartment with Most of the Water in the Body

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contains most of the body's water

    Role of Electrolytes in the Body

    • Sodium (Na+): Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions
    • Potassium (K+): Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood
    • Calcium (Ca2+): Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting

    Vitamin Required for Absorption of Calcium

    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines

    Normal Arterial Blood pH

    • Normal pH: 7.35 - 7.45

    Define Acidosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Acidosis: Condition where blood pH is below 7.35
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.25

    Define Alkalosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Alkalosis: Condition where blood pH is above 7.45
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.55

    Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

    • Metabolic Acidosis: Results from an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate
    • Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acidosis

    Causes of Ketoacidosis

    • Ketoacidosis: A form of metabolic acidosis due to high levels of ketones in the blood
    • Causes: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged starvation, excessive alcohol consumption

    Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

    • Respiratory Acidosis: Results from inadequate exhalation of CO2, leading to excess carbonic acid in the blood
    • Causes: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoventilation, severe pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness

    Functions of the Urinary System

    • Removes waste products from the blood through excretion
    • Regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance
    • Produces hormones, including erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
    • Regulates pH by removing acids
    • Regulates blood pressure by removing water and salt
    • Helps restore imbalances in sodium, calcium, and potassium bicarbonate (electrolytes)

    Organs of the Urinary System and Their Functions

    • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine
    • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until it is excreted
    • Urethra: Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

    Anatomical Structures of the Kidney

    • Capsule: Outer protective layer
    • Hilum: Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter
    • Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney
    • Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
    • Ureter: Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
    • Cortex: Outer region containing nephrons
    • Medulla: Inner region with renal pyramids
    • Pyramids: Triangular regions of the medulla
    • Columns: Tissue between pyramids
    • Minor Calyx: Collects urine from pyramids
    • Major Calyx: Collects urine from minor calyces
    • Renal Pelvis: Central urine collection area leading to the ureter

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron

    Anatomical Structures of the Nephron

    • Renal Corpuscle: Includes glomerular capsule and glomerulus
    • Glomerular Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries where filtration occurs
    • Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus
    • Efferent Arteriole: Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption of nutrients, water
    • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Concentrates urine
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Secretion and selective reabsorption
    • Collecting Duct: Collects urine from multiple nephrons
    • Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the nephron for exchange of substances

    Key Parts and Their Functions

    • Filtration: Glomerulus
    • Maximum Reabsorption: PCT
    • Secretion: DCT

    Molecules Not Filtered from Blood

    • Proteins
    • Red blood cells
    • White blood cells
    • Platelets

    Types of Nephrons and Their Functions

    • Cortical Nephrons: Located mainly in the cortex, involved in regular filtration
    • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Extend into the medulla, essential for concentrating urine

    Renin and the Renin-Angiotensin System

    • Renin: Enzyme secreted by kidneys to regulate blood pressure
    • Renin-Angiotensin System: Activated by renin, it increases blood pressure and volume by constricting blood vessels and promoting aldosterone release

    Micturition and Its Trigger

    • Micturition: The act of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder

    Normal Constituents of Urine

    • Water
    • Urea
    • Creatinine
    • Uric acid
    • Ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium)

    Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    • Glucose
    • Proteins
    • Ketones
    • Blood cells
    • Bilirubin
    • Microbes

    Function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

    • Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
    • Effect of Alcohol: Inhibits ADH, leading to increased urine production and dehydration

    Function of Aldosterone

    • Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

    Ureter Function and Bladder Opening

    • Function: Transfers urine to the bladder using peristalsis
    • Bladder Opening: Ureters enter the bladder at the posterior, inferior surface

    Acid-Base Balance

    Define: Electrolyte

    • Electrolyte: A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity
    • Examples: Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+)

    Percent of Body Mass that is Water in an Average Adult

    • Water Content: Approximately 60% of body mass

    Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body’s water
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid, comprising about 1/3 of the body’s water

    Compartment with Most of the Water in the Body

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF) contains most of the body's water

    Role of Electrolytes in the Body

    • Sodium (Na+): Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions
    • Potassium (K+): Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood
    • Calcium (Ca2+): Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting

    Vitamin Required for Absorption of Calcium

    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines

    Normal Arterial Blood pH

    • Normal pH: 7.35 - 7.45

    Define Acidosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Acidosis: Condition where blood pH is below 7.35
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.25

    Define Alkalosis and Example of Blood pH

    • Alkalosis: Condition where blood pH is above 7.45
    • Example: Blood pH of 7.55

    Causes of Metabolic Acidosis

    • Metabolic Acidosis: Results from an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate
    • Causes: Diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acidosis

    Causes of Ketoacidosis

    • Ketoacidosis: A form of metabolic acidosis due to high levels of ketones in the blood
    • Causes: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged starvation, excessive alcohol consumption

    Causes of Respiratory Acidosis

    • Respiratory Acidosis: Results from inadequate exhalation of CO2, leading to excess carbonic acid in the blood
    • Causes: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoventilation, severe pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness

    Functions of the Urinary System

    • Excretion: Removal of waste products from the blood
    • Regulation: Maintaining blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolyte balance
    • Production of Hormones: Including erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production) and renin (regulates blood pressure)
    • Regulating pH by removing acids
    • Regulating blood pressure by removing water and salt
    • Kidney regulation of sodium, calcium, and potassium bicarbonate (electrolytes)

    Organs of the Urinary System and Their Functions

    • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, balance fluids and electrolytes, produce urine
    • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until excreted
    • Urethra: Conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

    Anatomical Structures of the Kidney

    • Capsule: Outer protective layer
    • Hilum: Entry/exit point for vessels, nerves, and ureter
    • Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the kidney
    • Renal Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the kidney
    • Ureter: Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
    • Cortex: Outer region containing nephrons
    • Medulla: Inner region with renal pyramids
    • Pyramids: Triangular regions of the medulla
    • Columns: Tissue between pyramids
    • Minor Calyx: Collects urine from pyramids
    • Major Calyx: Collects urine from minor calyces
    • Renal Pelvis: Central urine collection area leading to the ureter

    Functional Unit of the Kidney

    • Nephron

    Anatomical Structures of the Nephron

    • Renal Corpuscle: Includes the glomerular capsule and glomerulus
    • Glomerular Capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries where filtration occurs
    • Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus
    • Efferent Arteriole: Takes filtered blood away from the glomerulus
    • Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorption of nutrients, water
    • Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle): Concentrates urine
    • Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Secretion and selective reabsorption
    • Collecting Duct: Collects urine from multiple nephrons
    • Peritubular Capillaries: Surround the nephron for exchange of substances

    Functions of Nephron Structures

    • Filtration: Glomerulus
    • Maximum Reabsorption: PCT (reabsorbs glucose, electrolytes, and amino acids)
    • Secretion: DCT

    Molecules Not Filtered from Blood

    • Proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

    Types of Nephrons

    • Cortical Nephrons: Located mainly in the cortex, involved in regular filtration
    • Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Extend into the medulla, essential for concentrating urine

    Renin and the Renin-Angiotensin System

    • Renin: Enzyme secreted by kidneys to regulate blood pressure
    • Renin-Angiotensin System: Activated by renin, increases blood pressure and volume by constricting blood vessels and promoting aldosterone release

    Micturition and Its Trigger

    • Micturition: The act of urination, triggered by stretch receptors in the bladder

    Normal Constituents of Urine

    • Water, urea, creatinine, uric acid, ions (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium)

    Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    • Glucose, proteins, ketones, blood cells, bilirubin, microbes

    Functions of Hormones

    • ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Increases water reabsorption in kidneys, reducing urine volume
    • Aldosterone: Promotes sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

    Electrolytes and Body Fluid

    • Electrolyte: A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, enabling it to conduct electricity (e.g., sodium, potassium, calcium)
    • Water Content: Approximately 60% of body mass
    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells, comprising about 2/3 of the body’s water
    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid, comprising about 1/3 of the body’s water
    • Compartment with most of the water in the body: Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

    Roles of Electrolytes

    • Sodium (Na+): Regulates fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions
    • Potassium (K+): Essential for nerve function, muscle contractions, and heart rhythm
    • Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Maintains pH balance by buffering acids in the blood
    • Calcium (Ca2+): Vital for bone health, muscle contractions, nerve signaling, and blood clotting

    Vitamin for Calcium Absorption

    • Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in the intestines

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Normal Arterial Blood pH: 7.35 - 7.45
    • Acidosis: Condition where blood pH is below 7.35 (e.g., pH 7.25)
    • Alkalosis: Condition where blood pH is above 7.45 (e.g., pH 7.55)
    • Causes of Metabolic Acidosis: Diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, renal failure, lactic acidosis
    • Causes of Ketoacidosis: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, prolonged starvation, excessive alcohol consumption
    • Causes of Respiratory Acidosis: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoventilation, severe pneumonia, respiratory muscle weakness

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    Learn about the four main functions of the urinary system, including excretion, regulation, and production of hormones.

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