Urinary and Kidney System Quiz (BMS Learning Outcomes)
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Questions and Answers

What primarily controls the volume of bodily fluids through urine excretion?

  • The lungs
  • The kidneys (correct)
  • The heart
  • The skin

    • Which hormone is directly responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Vasopressin (correct)
  • Calcitonin
  • Aldosterone

    • When ADH levels are low, what type of urine is produced?

  • Dilute urine (correct)
  • Concentrated urine
  • Hypertonic urine
  • Isotonic urine

    • What stimulates the secretion of ADH in response to increased plasma osmolarity?

    <p>Special receptors in the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond when blood pressure falls?

    <p>By stimulating ADH secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in the body?

    <p>It regulates sodium excretion in urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels?

    <p>Stimulates renal tubules to reabsorb calcium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone works oppositely to parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium balance?

    <p>Calcitonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of larger than normal blood volume on ADH secretion?

    <p>Inhibits ADH secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows water reabsorption in the kidney's collecting ducts when ADH is present?

    <p>Insertion of water channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the kidneys?

    <p>Filtering blood to remove waste products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the kidneys help in regulating blood pressure?

    <p>By regulating the volume of blood through fluid balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone, produced by the kidneys, controls red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of blood flow through the nephron?

    <p>Afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in water balance?

    <p>It regulates the amount of water and salt in the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood that is not filtered through the glomerulus?

    <p>It leaves through the efferent arterioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the nephron structure?

    <p>Pericardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the nephrons return needed substances to the blood?

    <p>By actively absorbing nutrients in the tubule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism regulates the consumption of water in the body?

    <p>Hormonal stimulation of thirst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process the nephron uses to filter blood?

    <p>Pressure filtration in the glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Blood Filtration

    The process of removing waste products, excess water, and salts from the blood.

    Urine

    The liquid waste product created by the kidneys.

    Blood Pressure Regulation

    The kidneys help regulate the pressure in your blood vessels.

    Red Blood Cell Production

    The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

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    Acid-Base Balance

    The kidneys help maintain the correct balance of acids and bases in your blood.

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    Fluid Conservation

    The kidneys conserve water by reabsorbing it back into the bloodstream.

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    Glomerulus

    The cluster of tiny blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered.

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    Nephron Tubule

    The tube in the nephron that returns needed substances to the blood and removes wastes.

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    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

    The hormone produced in the hypothalamus that helps regulate water and salt balance, blood pressure, and urine production.

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    Water Balance

    The body's process of maintaining a stable balance of water intake and excretion.

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    Excretion

    The process by which waste products and excess fluids are removed from the body, primarily through urine production.

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    Kidneys

    The major organ responsible for regulated excretion of water and other waste products.

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    Osmolarity

    The concentration of dissolved substances in a solution, often expressed as osmoles per liter.

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    Vasopressin

    A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, also known as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

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    Aldosterone

    A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium excretion in the kidneys.

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    Filtration

    The process of filtering blood in the kidneys to remove waste products.

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    Reabsorption

    The process of moving water and dissolved substances from the kidney tubules back into the bloodstream.

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    Secretion

    The process of moving substances from the bloodstream into the kidney tubules.

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    Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

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    Study Notes

    Urinary System Function

    • Filtering blood: Kidneys filter blood to remove waste, excess water, and salt.
    • Urine production: Kidneys create urine, a liquid waste product, by filtering waste from blood.
    • Blood pressure regulation: Kidneys help control blood pressure.
    • Red blood cell production: Kidneys produce erythropoietin to regulate red blood cell production in bone marrow.
    • Acid-base balance: Kidneys maintain the proper balance of acids and bases in the blood.
    • Fluid conservation: Kidneys conserve fluids.

    Kidney Structure and Bloodflow

    • Renal arteries: Blood from the heart is delivered to kidneys via renal arteries branching from the aorta.
    • Afferent arterioles: Renal arteries divide into smaller afferent arterioles leading to nephrons.
    • Glomerulus: Blood enters the glomerulus, a capillary network within the nephron.
    • Efferent arterioles: Blood not filtered in the glomerulus exits through efferent arterioles.
    • Peritubular capillaries: Blood from efferent arterioles enters peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron.
    • Renal vein: Blood leaves the peritubular capillaries and travels through veins, eventually exiting the kidney through the renal vein.

    Nephron Filtration

    • Filtration and reabsorption: Nephrons have a glomerulus to filter blood and tubules that return needed substances to the blood while removing excess wastes.
    • Afferent arteriole: Carries blood to the glomerulus for filtration.
    • Efferent arteriole: Carries blood away from the glomerulus.

    Water Balance Homeostasis

    • Water balance: The body needs to balance water intake and loss (through urine, skin, lungs, feces). Kidneys are central to regulating water excretion.
    • Urine concentration: Kidneys regulate water excretion via urine concentration (concentrated or dilute compared to plasma).
    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): A hormone from the hypothalamus, ADH controls water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by inserting water channels.
    • ADH regulation factors:
      • Plasma osmolarity: Higher concentration stimulates ADH secretion.
      • Atrial stretch receptors: Detect fluid overload, inhibiting ADH.
      • Aortic and carotid stretch receptors: Low blood pressure stimulates ADH secretion.

    Electrolyte Balance

    • Sodium and potassium: Ingested in food; excess is excreted in urine. Aldosterone regulates sodium excretion.
    • Calcium balance: Controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.
      • PTH: Acts on kidney tubules to increase calcium reabsorption.
      • Calcitonin: Acts on kidney tubules to reduce calcium reabsorption.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential functions of the urinary system, focusing on the kidneys, including filtering blood, urine production, and blood pressure regulation. It also delves into the structure of the kidneys and the blood flow through renal arteries and nephrons. Test your knowledge on how these processes contribute to maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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