Podcast
Questions and Answers
The innermost layer of the kidney is called the _____.
The innermost layer of the kidney is called the _____.
renal pelvis
The outermost layer of the kidney is called the ______.
The outermost layer of the kidney is called the ______.
renal cortex
Anything that will affect reabsorption and secretion in the kidney will affect urine _______.
Anything that will affect reabsorption and secretion in the kidney will affect urine _______.
chemistry
________ is made by the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary when blood pressure decreases or blood ionic concentration increases.
________ is made by the hypothalamus and secreted from the posterior pituitary when blood pressure decreases or blood ionic concentration increases.
Which of the following structures drains into the collecting ducts?
Which of the following structures drains into the collecting ducts?
Which steroid is secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase reabsorption of sodium ions?
Which steroid is secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase reabsorption of sodium ions?
The tube that carries the urine out of the body is called the _______.
The tube that carries the urine out of the body is called the _______.
Nephropathy is a term for kidney disease especially when there is damage to the nephron's ______ apparatus.
Nephropathy is a term for kidney disease especially when there is damage to the nephron's ______ apparatus.
Blood flows from the glomerulus into the _______ arteriole.
Blood flows from the glomerulus into the _______ arteriole.
The kidney are covered by a layer of connective tissue called the ________.
The kidney are covered by a layer of connective tissue called the ________.
Blood flows to the glomerulus via the _________ arteriole.
Blood flows to the glomerulus via the _________ arteriole.
Bowman's capsule, the renal membrane that surrounds the glomerulus, is called the ______.
Bowman's capsule, the renal membrane that surrounds the glomerulus, is called the ______.
Which of the following is considered the first segment of the renal tubules?
Which of the following is considered the first segment of the renal tubules?
Which of the following statements is untrue of the kidneys?
Which of the following statements is untrue of the kidneys?
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
Urinary tract infections are often caused by _______ bacteria in the urinary tract.
Urinary tract infections are often caused by _______ bacteria in the urinary tract.
Even though this structure is part of the circulatory system, it is included in the discussion of the urinary system.
Even though this structure is part of the circulatory system, it is included in the discussion of the urinary system.
The patient with diabetes insipidus will have copious amounts of _______ urine.
The patient with diabetes insipidus will have copious amounts of _______ urine.
The space inside the kidney is called the renal ____.
The space inside the kidney is called the renal ____.
Blood leaves the kidney is called the ______.
Blood leaves the kidney is called the ______.
This condition is caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
This condition is caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
This hormone would tend to increase the amount of urine produced.
This hormone would tend to increase the amount of urine produced.
Substances that are reabsorbed or secreted in the ascending loop include ___________.
Substances that are reabsorbed or secreted in the ascending loop include ___________.
This hormone would tend to decrease the amount of urine produced.
This hormone would tend to decrease the amount of urine produced.
One of the most important risk factors for kidney disease is ________.
One of the most important risk factors for kidney disease is ________.
Painful urination, urinary frequency, nighttime urination, and foul smelling, cloudy urine are symptoms of ________.
Painful urination, urinary frequency, nighttime urination, and foul smelling, cloudy urine are symptoms of ________.
Kidney stones can be caused by any of the following except _____.
Kidney stones can be caused by any of the following except _____.
Diabetic ________ is a type of kidney disease caused by diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic ________ is a type of kidney disease caused by diabetes mellitus.
What are the three processes necessary for the formation of urine?
What are the three processes necessary for the formation of urine?
The glomerulus is protected from minor changes in blood pressure by a mechanism called _______.
The glomerulus is protected from minor changes in blood pressure by a mechanism called _______.
Urine leaves the kidney through the _____.
Urine leaves the kidney through the _____.
It is uncommon for trauma patients to _______ a trauma.
It is uncommon for trauma patients to _______ a trauma.
______ moves fluid and chemicals into the nephron.
______ moves fluid and chemicals into the nephron.
Which part of the renal tubular system reabsorbs or secretes the most substance?
Which part of the renal tubular system reabsorbs or secretes the most substance?
Frequent urination without pain of infection is a symptom of _______.
Frequent urination without pain of infection is a symptom of _______.
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
The process by which most of the material in the nephron moves back into the blood is called ______.
The process by which most of the material in the nephron moves back into the blood is called ______.
The first section of the nephron loop glomerular filtrate encounters is the ___________.
The first section of the nephron loop glomerular filtrate encounters is the ___________.
PKD stands for _______ disease.
PKD stands for _______ disease.
________ is the inability to control urination.
________ is the inability to control urination.
What are the vessels that lead to the glomeruli?
What are the vessels that lead to the glomeruli?
This condition is caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
This condition is caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney releases a hormone _______.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney releases a hormone _______.
The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
The _____ is the functional unit of the kidney.
Copious, dilute urine is a symptom of ______.
Copious, dilute urine is a symptom of ______.
Even though this structure is part of the circulatory system, it is included in the discussion of the urinary system.
Even though this structure is part of the circulatory system, it is included in the discussion of the urinary system.
New research has shown that urination is actually controlled by the __________.
New research has shown that urination is actually controlled by the __________.
Study Notes
Kidney Anatomy and Function
- Renal Pelvis: Innermost layer of the kidney.
- Renal Cortex: Outermost layer of the kidney.
- Urethra: Tube that carries urine out of the body.
- Renal Capsule: Connective tissue covering the kidneys.
- Sinus: Space inside the kidney.
- Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney.
Urine Composition and Regulation
- Urine Chemistry: Affected by reabsorption and secretion in the kidney.
- Dilute Urine: A symptom of diabetes insipidus, resulting from urine production exceeding normal levels.
- Urine Formation Processes: Includes filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Hormones and Urinary Function
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Secreted when blood pressure drops or blood ionic concentration rises, leading to decreased urine output.
- Aldosterone: Released by adrenal cortex to increase sodium reabsorption, affecting water retention.
- Atrial Natriuretic Hormone: Tends to increase urine production.
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: Releases a hormone that causes vasoconstriction, impacting blood pressure regulation.
Nephron Structure and Filtration
- Glomerulus: A structure in the circulatory system involved in urine formation; filters blood into Bowman's capsule (glomerular capsule).
- Afferent Arteriole: Brings blood to the glomerulus.
- Efferent Arteriole: Carries blood away from the glomerulus.
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule: First segment of the renal tubules where most reabsorption occurs.
Kidney Diseases and Conditions
- Nephropathy: General term for kidney diseases affecting filtering apparatus, including diabetic nephropathy caused by chronic hyperglycemia.
- Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Genetic condition characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys.
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Often caused by fecal bacteria; characterized by painful urination and foul-smelling urine.
Symptoms and Risk Factors
- Frequent Urination: May indicate an overactive bladder, especially if not accompanied by pain.
- Hypertension: A significant risk factor for developing kidney disease.
- Kidney Stones: Culminated by factors excluding potassium.
Clinical Conditions
- Urinary Incontinence: Inability to control urination.
- Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms: Include painful urination, frequent urination, and cloudy urine.
Additional Insights
- Autoregulation: Mechanism that protects the glomerulus from minor blood pressure changes.
- Descending Loop: First section of the nephron loop that glomerular filtrate encounters.
Miscellaneous
- Nephron's Filtration Process: Filtration moves fluid and chemicals into the nephron.
- Survival in Trauma: Uncommon for patients to survive significant kidney trauma.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the urinary system with these flashcards. Learn about the layers of the kidney and the factors affecting urine chemistry. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or physiology.
