Urinary System Disorders and Functions

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What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?

To regulate blood sugar levels
To regulate body temperature
To remove metabolic wastes (correct)
To produce hormones

What hormone is involved in the reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?

Erythropoietin
Antidiuretic hormone (correct)
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Aldosterone

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Regulating blood pressure
Activating vitamin D
Producing insulin (correct)
Removing hormones from the body

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney?

Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → interlobular artery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of aldosterone in the kidneys?

Reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium or hydrogen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the hormone produced by the heart that reduces sodium and fluid reabsorption?

Atrial natriuretic hormone (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?

Regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole on glomerular filtration?

Decreased glomerular pressure—decreased filtrate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin mechanism in the kidneys?

To regulate blood pressure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to empty the bladder, which may be accompanied by overflow incontinence?

Retention (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine?

1.010 to 1.050 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of blood in the urine?

Hematuria (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of radiologic tests in urinalysis?

To visualize structures and possible abnormalities (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the involuntary urination that occurs in children over the age of 4?

Enuresis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of glomerulonephritis?

Increased serum urea and creatinine levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Idiopathic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of urolithiasis?

Formation of stones in the kidneys and bladder (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of stone formed in urolithiasis?

Calcium oxalate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of urolithiasis?

Hydronephrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for renal cell carcinoma?

Removal of the kidney (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?

Hypoalbuminemia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of clearance tests in assessing renal function?

To assess GFR (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of peritoneal dialysis?

Infection (peritonitis) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?

Equipment required (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common causative organism of urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pyelonephritis that can lead to chronic renal failure if left untreated?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the inflammatory response in glomerulonephritis?

Increased capillary permeability (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of glomerulonephritis?

Periorbital edema (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?

Dull, aching flank pain (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of bladder tumor?

Transitional cell carcinoma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a predisposing factor for bladder cancer?

Cigarette smoking (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of nephrosclerosis on the kidney?

Reducing blood supply to the kidney (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of polycystic kidney disease?

One or both kidneys have fluid-filled cysts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common tumor in children?

Wilms' tumor (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of acute renal failure?

Acute bilateral kidney disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Chronic Renal Failure?

Low-level exposure to nephrotoxins over a sustained period of time (C) Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Chronic Renal Failure does the patient experience decreased renal reserve and no apparent clinical symptoms?

Decreased renal reserve (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is azotemia?

A condition in which you have too much nitrogen, creatinine, and other waste products in your blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Chronic Renal Failure?