45 Questions
What is one of the primary functions of the urinary system?
To remove metabolic wastes
What hormone is involved in the reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Producing insulin
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the kidney?
Renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → interlobular artery
What is the function of aldosterone in the kidneys?
Reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium or hydrogen
What is the name of the hormone produced by the heart that reduces sodium and fluid reabsorption?
Atrial natriuretic hormone
What is the function of the kidneys in regulating blood pressure?
Regulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What is the effect of vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole on glomerular filtration?
Decreased glomerular pressure—decreased filtrate
What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin mechanism in the kidneys?
To regulate blood pressure
What is the term for the inability to empty the bladder, which may be accompanied by overflow incontinence?
Retention
What is the normal specific gravity range of urine?
1.010 to 1.050
What is the term for the presence of blood in the urine?
Hematuria
What is the purpose of radiologic tests in urinalysis?
To visualize structures and possible abnormalities
What is the term for the involuntary urination that occurs in children over the age of 4?
Enuresis
What is a common feature of glomerulonephritis?
Increased serum urea and creatinine levels
What is a possible cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
Idiopathic
What is a characteristic of urolithiasis?
Formation of stones in the kidneys and bladder
What is the most common type of stone formed in urolithiasis?
Calcium oxalate
What is a possible complication of urolithiasis?
Hydronephrosis
What is the primary treatment for renal cell carcinoma?
Removal of the kidney
What is a characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
Hypoalbuminemia
What is the purpose of clearance tests in assessing renal function?
To assess GFR
What is the primary complication of peritoneal dialysis?
Infection (peritonitis)
What is the main difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
Equipment required
What is the most common causative organism of urinary tract infections?
Escherichia coli
What is the characteristic of pyelonephritis that can lead to chronic renal failure if left untreated?
All of the above
What is the result of the inflammatory response in glomerulonephritis?
Increased capillary permeability
What is a common symptom of glomerulonephritis?
Periorbital edema
What is a common symptom of renal cell carcinoma?
Dull, aching flank pain
What is the most common type of bladder tumor?
Transitional cell carcinoma
What is a predisposing factor for bladder cancer?
Cigarette smoking
What is the main effect of nephrosclerosis on the kidney?
Reducing blood supply to the kidney
What is the characteristic of polycystic kidney disease?
One or both kidneys have fluid-filled cysts
What is the most common tumor in children?
Wilms' tumor
What is a cause of acute renal failure?
Acute bilateral kidney disease
What is the primary cause of Chronic Renal Failure?
Low-level exposure to nephrotoxins over a sustained period of time
In which stage of Chronic Renal Failure does the patient experience decreased renal reserve and no apparent clinical symptoms?
Decreased renal reserve
What is azotemia?
A condition in which you have too much nitrogen, creatinine, and other waste products in your blood
What is a common symptom of Chronic Renal Failure?
All of the above
What is the goal of treatment for Chronic Renal Failure?
To maintain homeostasis of fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance
What is oliguria?
Decreased urinary output
What is anemia in the context of Chronic Renal Failure?
A condition of low red blood cell count
What is the significance of elevated blood pressure in Chronic Renal Failure?
It is a common symptom of the disease
What is the role of dialysis in the treatment of Chronic Renal Failure?
To remove waste products from the blood
What is uremic frost?
Tiny yellow, white crystals on the skin due to severe azotemia
Test your knowledge on the functions of the urinary system, including removing waste and regulating water balance, and its disorders. Learn about the anatomy of the kidney and its role in maintaining overall health.
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