32 Questions
What is another name for the Urinary System?
Renal System
What is the function of the kidneys in the Urinary System?
To remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine
What do the ureters carry from the kidneys to the bladder?
Urine
What is the function of the bladder in the Urinary System?
To store urine
What is the function of the internal sphincter muscle?
To help keep urine from leaking
What is the function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?
To control red blood cell production
What do the kidneys help to conserve?
Fluids
What is the location of the bladder in the body?
In the lower abdomen
In feline species, which kidney is more cranial and tends to lie beneath L1-L3?
Right kidney
In bovine species, where are the kidneys typically located?
On the right side of the abdomen
In porcine species, what is characteristic of the kidneys' location?
The kidneys are aligned
In equine species, what surrounds the kidneys?
A fat capsule
Which breed is most commonly affected by urate uroliths?
Dalmatian
What type of urolith is seen in a wide range of breeds, including Yorkies and miniature schnauzers?
Struvite uroliths
In which breed are xanthine uroliths (RARE) commonly seen?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
What is the primary factor affecting kidney location in ruminants?
Rumen taking up space
What is the primary function of the external sphincter muscle of urethra?
To prohibit the release of urine
What type of muscle is the external sphincter muscle of urethra composed of?
Skeletal muscle
Where is the external sphincter muscle of urethra located in females?
In the deep perineal pouch
Which nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the bladder?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
What is the main function of the kidneys?
To remove waste products through urine
What is the shape of the kidneys in canine, feline, and ovine species?
Short and thick
What is unique about the renal pelvis in canine, feline, and ovine species?
It is large and irregular with recesses
Which species does not have a renal impression in the caudate lobe of the right liver?
Pig
What is the characteristic feature of the feline kidney?
The sub-capsular veins are visible
How can the size of the kidney be estimated?
Either by palpation or via imaging
What is the normal kidney size in a ventrodorsal radiograph?
Two to three times the length of the second lumbar vertebra
What is the shape of the bovine right kidney?
Ellipsoidal
What is the characteristic feature of the porcine kidney?
It has a smooth surface and two major calyces
What is the shape of the equine left kidney?
Pyramidal
What is the function of the cells in the renal pelvis of the equine kidney?
To secrete mucin
Where are the bovine kidneys located?
Both on the right side of the body
Study Notes
Urinary System
- Also known as the renal system or urinary tract
- Consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra
- Helps the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea and maintain balance of chemicals and water
Functions of the Urinary System
- Regulates blood pressure
- Produces erythropoietin, which controls red blood cell production in the bone marrow
- Regulates the acid-base balance and conserves fluids
Parts of the Urinary System
- Kidneys: Two purplish-brown organs that remove liquid waste from the blood, maintain balance of salts and substances, and produce erythropoietin
- Ureters: Two narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder
- Bladder: A triangle-shaped, hollow organ that stores urine and contracts to empty it through the urethra
- Urethra: A tube that allows urine to pass outside the body
-
Sphincter muscles: Two circular muscles that help keep urine from leaking by closing tightly around the opening of the bladder
- Internal sphincter muscle: Located at the bladder's inferior end and the urethra's proximal end, under involuntary control
- External sphincter muscle: Located in the deep perineal pouch, under voluntary control
Kidney Functions
- Remove waste products through urine
- Control the amount of water that stays in the body
- Maintain the chemical balance of the body
- Secrete hormones that help control blood pressure, maintain bone structure, and produce blood cells
Species Differences
- Canine, Feline, and Ovine: Similar renal anatomy, kidneys are relatively short and thick, smooth outer surface, and a single renal papilla
- Bovine: Kidneys are divided into approximately 12 lobules, no renal pelvis, and the ureters enter the kidney and divide into a cranial and caudal branch
- Porcine: Kidneys are dorsoventrally flattened, renal pelvis opens into a large space with two major calyces, and a smooth surface
- Equine: Right kidney is heart-shaped, left kidney is pyramidal, each weighs approximately 700g, and a single renal papilla
Anatomical Landmarks
- Carnivores: Kidneys are very mobile, especially the left one in the feline
- Ruminants: Both kidneys are on the right side in the bovine, surrounded by thick masses of fat in the ovine
- Porcine: Kidneys are embedded in fat and lie against the psoas muscle
- Equine: Kidneys are enclosed in a fat capsule, resting against the psoas muscle and diaphragm
Urolithiasis
- Affects breeds such as Dalmatian, English Bulldog, Dachshunds, and Newfoundlands
- Types of stones include urate, cystinuria, struvite, calcium oxalate, and xanthine uroliths
This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including its components and functions such as eliminating waste, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining chemical balance. Test your knowledge of the renal system and its processes.
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