Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder called?
What are tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder called?
What is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination?
What is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination?
urethra
What is the reservoir that receives and stores urine?
What is the reservoir that receives and stores urine?
bladder
In which organ is a Foley catheter inserted for drainage?
In which organ is a Foley catheter inserted for drainage?
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What are the bean-shaped organs that make urine?
What are the bean-shaped organs that make urine?
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What can ascend from the bladder through the ureters, causing kidney infection?
What can ascend from the bladder through the ureters, causing kidney infection?
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What structure is involved in urinary retention?
What structure is involved in urinary retention?
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What external structure surrounds the upper region of the urethra?
What external structure surrounds the upper region of the urethra?
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Which gland encircles the proximal end of the urethra?
Which gland encircles the proximal end of the urethra?
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What is the indentation of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter or exit called?
What is the indentation of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter or exit called?
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What is the wall of the bladder arranged in to allow expansion?
What is the wall of the bladder arranged in to allow expansion?
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What basin within the kidney collects the urine made by the kidney?
What basin within the kidney collects the urine made by the kidney?
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What is the lighter outer region of the kidney often called?
What is the lighter outer region of the kidney often called?
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What are the darker inner regions of the kidneys called?
What are the darker inner regions of the kidneys called?
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What are the cuplike edges of the renal pelvis that receive urine from the renal pyramids called?
What are the cuplike edges of the renal pelvis that receive urine from the renal pyramids called?
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What tough outer lining encases the kidney?
What tough outer lining encases the kidney?
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What tuft of capillaries across which waste and solute are filtered is called?
What tuft of capillaries across which waste and solute are filtered is called?
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The distal convoluted tubule empties urine into which structure?
The distal convoluted tubule empties urine into which structure?
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Which structure is most concerned with the concentration of urine?
Which structure is most concerned with the concentration of urine?
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What vascular structure surrounds the tubules and is involved in reabsorption and secretion?
What vascular structure surrounds the tubules and is involved in reabsorption and secretion?
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What does the efferent arteriole extend and become?
What does the efferent arteriole extend and become?
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Where does most reabsorption occur across the walls of this tubular structure?
Where does most reabsorption occur across the walls of this tubular structure?
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At which site is the ADH hormone most active?
At which site is the ADH hormone most active?
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What structure do the afferent and efferent arterioles bracket?
What structure do the afferent and efferent arterioles bracket?
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Where does the final adjustment of urine occur?
Where does the final adjustment of urine occur?
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What does the proximal convoluted tubule extend at?
What does the proximal convoluted tubule extend at?
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At which site is aldosterone most active?
At which site is aldosterone most active?
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What are the capillaries that sit between C-shaped Bowman capsules called?
What are the capillaries that sit between C-shaped Bowman capsules called?
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What vascular structure empties blood into the venous system and eventually into the renal vein?
What vascular structure empties blood into the venous system and eventually into the renal vein?
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What process moves solute from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules?
What process moves solute from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules?
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What is composed of ascending and descending limb?
What is composed of ascending and descending limb?
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Where does reabsorption cause water and solute to move from the tubule?
Where does reabsorption cause water and solute to move from the tubule?
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What connects the proximal convoluted tubule with the ascending limb and the loop of Henle?
What connects the proximal convoluted tubule with the ascending limb and the loop of Henle?
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What connects the afferent arteriole with the efferent arteriole?
What connects the afferent arteriole with the efferent arteriole?
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What connects the descending limb of the loop of Henle with the distal convoluted tubule?
What connects the descending limb of the loop of Henle with the distal convoluted tubule?
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What connects the distal convoluted tubule with the calyx?
What connects the distal convoluted tubule with the calyx?
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What connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder?
What connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder?
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What connects Bowman capsule to the loop of Henle?
What connects Bowman capsule to the loop of Henle?
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What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?
What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?
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What connects the ureters to the urethra?
What connects the ureters to the urethra?
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Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, elevating blood pressure?
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, elevating blood pressure?
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What adrenal cortical hormone stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium?
What adrenal cortical hormone stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium?
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What enzyme changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
What enzyme changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
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Which mineralocorticoid is known as the salt-retaining hormone?
Which mineralocorticoid is known as the salt-retaining hormone?
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Which hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, affects the permeability of the collecting duct to water?
Which hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, affects the permeability of the collecting duct to water?
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What is released by the kidney in response to hypoxemia and stimulates RBC production by the bone marrow?
What is released by the kidney in response to hypoxemia and stimulates RBC production by the bone marrow?
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What is secreted by the JGA when blood pressure or blood volume increases?
What is secreted by the JGA when blood pressure or blood volume increases?
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What is secreted by the atrial walls in response to an increase in blood volume and causes excretion of sodium and water?
What is secreted by the atrial walls in response to an increase in blood volume and causes excretion of sodium and water?
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What enzyme activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
What enzyme activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
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A deficiency of which hormone causes polyuria, sometimes up to 25L of urine a day, associated with diabetes insipidus?
A deficiency of which hormone causes polyuria, sometimes up to 25L of urine a day, associated with diabetes insipidus?
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ACE inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II.
ACE inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II.
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Which hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct membrane?
Which hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct membrane?
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Why is no glucose found in urine?
Why is no glucose found in urine?
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Which condition is most likely to cause glucose to be excreted in the urine?
Which condition is most likely to cause glucose to be excreted in the urine?
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Which of the following is least true about the bladder?
Which of the following is least true about the bladder?
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When GFR decreases, what happens?
When GFR decreases, what happens?
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What is a consequence of diminished GFR?
What is a consequence of diminished GFR?
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What happens at the glomerular membrane?
What happens at the glomerular membrane?
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Which of the following is true of the distal tubule?
Which of the following is true of the distal tubule?
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Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone?
Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone?
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Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding creatinine?
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding creatinine?
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An elevated serum creatinine level is most indicative of what?
An elevated serum creatinine level is most indicative of what?
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What happens when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated?
What happens when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated?
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Bowman capsule receives water and dissolved solute from which structure?
Bowman capsule receives water and dissolved solute from which structure?
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The efferent arteriole delivers blood to which structure?
The efferent arteriole delivers blood to which structure?
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What does the renal pelvis receive?
What does the renal pelvis receive?
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Where is angiotensin II produced?
Where is angiotensin II produced?
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A person with damaged glomeruli filters large amounts of albumin and therefore develops what condition?
A person with damaged glomeruli filters large amounts of albumin and therefore develops what condition?
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What happens when blood pressure falls under $70/50$ mm?
What happens when blood pressure falls under $70/50$ mm?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Structures
- Ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination.
- The bladder acts as a reservoir that receives and stores urine.
- Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that produce urine.
- The renal pelvis is the indentation in the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and exit.
- Calyces are cuplike structures that receive urine from renal pyramids and empty it into the renal pelvis.
Urinary System Functions
- The bladder wall, arranged in rugae, allows for expansion and urinary retention.
- The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries where waste and solutes are filtered.
- Efferent arterioles extend to form peritubular capillaries involved in reabsorption and secretion.
- Most reabsorption of water and solutes occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules.
- The collecting duct is the structure primarily responsible for urine concentration.
Hormonal Regulation
- Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion, causing vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure.
- Aldosterone prompts sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion at the distal convoluted tubule.
- ADH (antidiuretic hormone) affects water permeability in the collecting duct, adjusting water reabsorption based on hydration levels.
- Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxemia).
Pathophysiology
- Diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leads to decreased urinary output and may cause oliguria.
- High serum creatinine levels are indicative of kidney failure.
- A deficiency in ADH can result in polyuria, with urine output reaching up to 25 liters a day, leading to diabetes insipidus.
- Conditions like hyperglycemia can result in glucose being excreted in urine due to overwhelmed reabsorption capacity.
Additional Facts
- The bladder is encased in a tough outer capsule.
- The distal convoluted tubule responds to aldosterone, adjusting sodium and potassium levels in the urine.
- The collecting duct connects the distal convoluted tubule to calyces, final adjustments in urine occur here.
- Creatinine is reliably filtered and mostly eliminated through urine, serving as an important marker for kidney function.
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system maintains blood pressure and fluid balance, underpinning kidney health.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of the urinary system with these flashcards from Chapter 24. Each card focuses on key terms and definitions related to the anatomy and functions of the urinary tract. Perfect for students preparing for exams in anatomy and physiology.
