Urinary System Chapter 24 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder called?

Kidneys

Ureters (correct)

Bladder

Urethra

What is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination?

urethra

What is the reservoir that receives and stores urine?

bladder

In which organ is a Foley catheter inserted for drainage?

urethra Signup and view all the answers

What are the bean-shaped organs that make urine?

kidneys Signup and view all the answers

What can ascend from the bladder through the ureters, causing kidney infection?

pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What structure is involved in urinary retention?

bladder Signup and view all the answers

What external structure surrounds the upper region of the urethra?

external sphincter Signup and view all the answers

Which gland encircles the proximal end of the urethra?

prostate gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the indentation of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter or exit called?

renal pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the wall of the bladder arranged in to allow expansion?

rugae Signup and view all the answers

What basin within the kidney collects the urine made by the kidney?

renal pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the lighter outer region of the kidney often called?

renal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What are the darker inner regions of the kidneys called?

renal medulla Signup and view all the answers

What are the cuplike edges of the renal pelvis that receive urine from the renal pyramids called?

calyces Signup and view all the answers

What tough outer lining encases the kidney?

capsule Signup and view all the answers

What tuft of capillaries across which waste and solute are filtered is called?

glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The distal convoluted tubule empties urine into which structure?

collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is most concerned with the concentration of urine?

collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What vascular structure surrounds the tubules and is involved in reabsorption and secretion?

peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What does the efferent arteriole extend and become?

peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Where does most reabsorption occur across the walls of this tubular structure?

proximal convoluted tubules Signup and view all the answers

At which site is the ADH hormone most active?

collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What structure do the afferent and efferent arterioles bracket?

glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

Where does the final adjustment of urine occur?

collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What does the proximal convoluted tubule extend at?

loops of Henle Signup and view all the answers

At which site is aldosterone most active?

distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

What are the capillaries that sit between C-shaped Bowman capsules called?

glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What vascular structure empties blood into the venous system and eventually into the renal vein?

peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What process moves solute from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules?

secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is composed of ascending and descending limb?

loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

Where does reabsorption cause water and solute to move from the tubule?

peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What connects the proximal convoluted tubule with the ascending limb and the loop of Henle?

descending limb Signup and view all the answers

What connects the afferent arteriole with the efferent arteriole?

glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

What connects the descending limb of the loop of Henle with the distal convoluted tubule?

ascending limb Signup and view all the answers

What connects the distal convoluted tubule with the calyx?

collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

What connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder?

ureter Signup and view all the answers

What connects Bowman capsule to the loop of Henle?

proximal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

ureter Signup and view all the answers

What connects the ureters to the urethra?

urinary bladder Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, elevating blood pressure?

angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

What adrenal cortical hormone stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium?

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

converting enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which mineralocorticoid is known as the salt-retaining hormone?

aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, affects the permeability of the collecting duct to water?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

What is released by the kidney in response to hypoxemia and stimulates RBC production by the bone marrow?

erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is secreted by the JGA when blood pressure or blood volume increases?

Renin Signup and view all the answers

What is secreted by the atrial walls in response to an increase in blood volume and causes excretion of sodium and water?

atrial natriuretic peptide Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

renin Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of which hormone causes polyuria, sometimes up to 25L of urine a day, associated with diabetes insipidus?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

ACE inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct membrane?

ADH Signup and view all the answers

Why is no glucose found in urine?

all filtered glucose is reabsorbed Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to cause glucose to be excreted in the urine?

hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least true about the bladder?

The bladder wall is responsive to the effects of ADH. Signup and view all the answers

When GFR decreases, what happens?

urinary output declines Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of diminished GFR?

oliguria Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the glomerular membrane?

water and dissolved solute are filtered into the Bowman capsule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the distal tubule?

Responds to aldosterone. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone?

causes the reabsorption of K+ by the collecting duct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding creatinine?

most filtered creatinine is eliminated from urine Signup and view all the answers

An elevated serum creatinine level is most indicative of what?

kidney failure Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated?

angiotensin II causes adrenal cortical secretion of aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Bowman capsule receives water and dissolved solute from which structure?

glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to which structure?

peritubular cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does the renal pelvis receive?

urine from the calyces Signup and view all the answers

Where is angiotensin II produced?

in response to the activity of the converting enzyme Signup and view all the answers

A person with damaged glomeruli filters large amounts of albumin and therefore develops what condition?

edema Signup and view all the answers

What happens when blood pressure falls under $70/50$ mm?

GFR declines Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System Structures

Ureters conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination.
The bladder acts as a reservoir that receives and stores urine.
Kidneys are bean-shaped organs that produce urine.
The renal pelvis is the indentation in the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and exit.
Calyces are cuplike structures that receive urine from renal pyramids and empty it into the renal pelvis.

Urinary System Functions

The bladder wall, arranged in rugae, allows for expansion and urinary retention.
The glomerulus is a tuft of capillaries where waste and solutes are filtered.
Efferent arterioles extend to form peritubular capillaries involved in reabsorption and secretion.
Most reabsorption of water and solutes occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules.
The collecting duct is the structure primarily responsible for urine concentration.

Hormonal Regulation

Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion, causing vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure.
Aldosterone prompts sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion at the distal convoluted tubule.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) affects water permeability in the collecting duct, adjusting water reabsorption based on hydration levels.
Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxemia).

Pathophysiology

Diminished glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leads to decreased urinary output and may cause oliguria.
High serum creatinine levels are indicative of kidney failure.
A deficiency in ADH can result in polyuria, with urine output reaching up to 25 liters a day, leading to diabetes insipidus.
Conditions like hyperglycemia can result in glucose being excreted in urine due to overwhelmed reabsorption capacity.

Additional Facts

The bladder is encased in a tough outer capsule.
The distal convoluted tubule responds to aldosterone, adjusting sodium and potassium levels in the urine.
The collecting duct connects the distal convoluted tubule to calyces, final adjustments in urine occur here.
Creatinine is reliably filtered and mostly eliminated through urine, serving as an important marker for kidney function.
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system maintains blood pressure and fluid balance, underpinning kidney health.

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Test your knowledge of the urinary system with these flashcards from Chapter 24. Each card focuses on key terms and definitions related to the anatomy and functions of the urinary tract. Perfect for students preparing for exams in anatomy and physiology.

Urinary System Chapter 24 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder called?

What is the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior for elimination?

What is the reservoir that receives and stores urine?

In which organ is a Foley catheter inserted for drainage?

What are the bean-shaped organs that make urine?

What can ascend from the bladder through the ureters, causing kidney infection?

What structure is involved in urinary retention?

What external structure surrounds the upper region of the urethra?

Which gland encircles the proximal end of the urethra?

What is the indentation of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter or exit called?

What is the wall of the bladder arranged in to allow expansion?

What basin within the kidney collects the urine made by the kidney?

What is the lighter outer region of the kidney often called?

What are the darker inner regions of the kidneys called?

What are the cuplike edges of the renal pelvis that receive urine from the renal pyramids called?

What tough outer lining encases the kidney?

What tuft of capillaries across which waste and solute are filtered is called?

The distal convoluted tubule empties urine into which structure?

Which structure is most concerned with the concentration of urine?

What vascular structure surrounds the tubules and is involved in reabsorption and secretion?

What does the efferent arteriole extend and become?

Where does most reabsorption occur across the walls of this tubular structure?

At which site is the ADH hormone most active?

What structure do the afferent and efferent arterioles bracket?

Where does the final adjustment of urine occur?

What does the proximal convoluted tubule extend at?

At which site is aldosterone most active?

What are the capillaries that sit between C-shaped Bowman capsules called?

What vascular structure empties blood into the venous system and eventually into the renal vein?

What process moves solute from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules?

What is composed of ascending and descending limb?

Where does reabsorption cause water and solute to move from the tubule?

What connects the proximal convoluted tubule with the ascending limb and the loop of Henle?

What connects the afferent arteriole with the efferent arteriole?

What connects the descending limb of the loop of Henle with the distal convoluted tubule?

What connects the distal convoluted tubule with the calyx?

What connects the renal pelvis with the urinary bladder?

What connects Bowman capsule to the loop of Henle?

What connects the kidney to the urinary bladder?

What connects the ureters to the urethra?

Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral blood vessels, elevating blood pressure?

What adrenal cortical hormone stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium?

What enzyme changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Which mineralocorticoid is known as the salt-retaining hormone?

Which hormone, secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, affects the permeability of the collecting duct to water?

What is released by the kidney in response to hypoxemia and stimulates RBC production by the bone marrow?

What is secreted by the JGA when blood pressure or blood volume increases?

What is secreted by the atrial walls in response to an increase in blood volume and causes excretion of sodium and water?

What enzyme activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

A deficiency of which hormone causes polyuria, sometimes up to 25L of urine a day, associated with diabetes insipidus?

ACE inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II.

Which hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the collecting duct membrane?

Why is no glucose found in urine?

Which condition is most likely to cause glucose to be excreted in the urine?

Which of the following is least true about the bladder?

When GFR decreases, what happens?

What is a consequence of diminished GFR?

What happens at the glomerular membrane?

Which of the following is true of the distal tubule?

Which of the following is not a function of aldosterone?

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding creatinine?

An elevated serum creatinine level is most indicative of what?

What happens when the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated?

Bowman capsule receives water and dissolved solute from which structure?

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to which structure?

What does the renal pelvis receive?

Where is angiotensin II produced?

A person with damaged glomeruli filters large amounts of albumin and therefore develops what condition?

What happens when blood pressure falls under $70/50$ mm?

Study Notes

Urinary System Structures

Urinary System Functions

Hormonal Regulation

Pathophysiology

Additional Facts

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