Urinary System and Kidney Function Quiz M 3.1

The kidneys filter plasma, remove waste, and regulate body fluids.

Includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, and hormone metabolites.

The kidneys adjust excretion rates to match fluid and electrolyte intake.

Hormone secreted by kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

Kidneys help manage pH balance alongside lungs and buffers.

Kidneys produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, essential for calcium metabolism.

Process of synthesizing glucose from amino acids during fasting.

Kidneys regulate sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and more.

Specialized blood vessels in the kidney loops aiding urine concentration.

Nervous reflex triggering bladder emptying or desire to urinate.

Main part of the bladder where urine collects.

Connects the bladder to the urethra, regulates urine release.

Smooth muscle preventing bladder emptying until pressure rises.

Voluntary skeletal muscle controlling urination.

Nerves involved in bladder sensation and contraction.

Nerve signals that stimulate bladder contraction.

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on the posterior abdomen.

The hilum is the medial part of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter.

The kidney has an outer cortex and inner medulla, where functions occur.

The medulla is divided into 8-10 renal pyramids that collect urine.

The renal pelvis collects urine from the major calyces to direct it to the ureters.

Kidneys receive about 22% of cardiac output, roughly 1100 mL per minute.

The glomerulus filters large amounts of fluid and solutes to begin urine formation.

These capillaries surround renal tubules and are involved in fluid reabsorption.

Muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder, 25-35 cm long.

Involuntary muscle contractions that move urine through the ureters.

Reflex that triggers bladder contractions when filled, amplifying signals.

A cycle where an initial action leads to an increase in the same action.

Urine excretion equals filtration minus reabsorption plus secretion.

Structure where protein-free fluid first enters during filtration in kidneys.

Ureters controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves for contraction regulation.

The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to gravity, affecting filtration rates in kidneys.

The functional filtration units of the kidneys, approximately 1 million per kidney.

A network of capillaries that filters blood into Bowman's capsule to start urine formation.

A U-shaped part of the nephron that reabsorbs water and salt, consisting of descending and ascending limbs.

Specialized epithelial cells at the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, involved in regulating blood pressure.

Nephrons located in the outer cortex of the kidney with short loops of Henle.

Nephrons with long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla, enhancing water reabsorption.

The nephron modifies fluid through reabsorption and secretion of substances.

The amount of substance excreted equals the filtration rate when not reabsorbed or secreted.

Creatinine is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted, showing direct filtration relation.

Substances filtered and partially reabsorbed change concentration in urine.

Glucose is filtered and completely reabsorbed back into the blood, not in urine.

Some filtered substances are not reabsorbed and additional quantities are secreted into the renal tubules.

The formula for excretion is: excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion.

Tubular reabsorption is crucial for urine formation, exceeding the role of secretion for most substances.