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Questions and Answers
What is the treatment of choice for severe hypoglycemia?
What is the treatment of choice for severe hypoglycemia?
What is the principle anion of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the principle anion of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased serum magnesium levels?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by decreased serum magnesium levels?
What is a potential risk of infusing certain solutions with blood products?
What is a potential risk of infusing certain solutions with blood products?
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Which type of intravenous fluids is NOT categorized as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic?
Which type of intravenous fluids is NOT categorized as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic?
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What type of solution is blood classified as?
What type of solution is blood classified as?
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Which of the following electrolytes is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
Which of the following electrolytes is primarily involved in muscle contraction?
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Through which mechanism are monomers of carbohydrates absorbed into the bloodstream?
Through which mechanism are monomers of carbohydrates absorbed into the bloodstream?
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Which fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with lipids?
Which fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with lipids?
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What regulates calcium absorption in the body?
What regulates calcium absorption in the body?
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Which site is not mentioned as a common location for IV insertion?
Which site is not mentioned as a common location for IV insertion?
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What is the primary absorption site for water in the digestive system?
What is the primary absorption site for water in the digestive system?
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Which statement is true about iron absorption in the body?
Which statement is true about iron absorption in the body?
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What condition is indicated by increased serum levels of sodium?
What condition is indicated by increased serum levels of sodium?
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Which solution is hypotonic once absorbed in the body?
Which solution is hypotonic once absorbed in the body?
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What is the normal range for sodium in mEq/L?
What is the normal range for sodium in mEq/L?
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What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?
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Which solution is used for initial fluid and electrolyte replacement in combined water and sodium depletion?
Which solution is used for initial fluid and electrolyte replacement in combined water and sodium depletion?
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What is hypercalcemia defined as?
What is hypercalcemia defined as?
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Which cation is the major extracellular component?
Which cation is the major extracellular component?
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Which electrolyte deficiency is associated with decreased serum potassium levels?
Which electrolyte deficiency is associated with decreased serum potassium levels?
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What is the primary purpose of absorption in the digestive system?
What is the primary purpose of absorption in the digestive system?
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Which function of the digestive system involves the production and release of digestive enzymes?
Which function of the digestive system involves the production and release of digestive enzymes?
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Which organ is not considered part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
Which organ is not considered part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
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What is the role of mixing and propulsion in the digestive system?
What is the role of mixing and propulsion in the digestive system?
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What is the significance of the skin in relation to the digestive system?
What is the significance of the skin in relation to the digestive system?
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Which component is primarily involved in the elimination of waste from the digestive system?
Which component is primarily involved in the elimination of waste from the digestive system?
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Which element is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system, allowing nutrient transport across the body?
Which element is essential for the proper functioning of the digestive system, allowing nutrient transport across the body?
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What is the major function of accessory digestive organs like the liver and pancreas?
What is the major function of accessory digestive organs like the liver and pancreas?
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What type of cells are considered normal in urine but can be reported based on their quantity?
What type of cells are considered normal in urine but can be reported based on their quantity?
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What is indicated if crystals like uric acid and cystine are found in urine sediments?
What is indicated if crystals like uric acid and cystine are found in urine sediments?
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What is the primary component of urine after passing through the kidneys?
What is the primary component of urine after passing through the kidneys?
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Which of the following substances is not typically found in normal urine?
Which of the following substances is not typically found in normal urine?
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What substance is primarily secreted into urine to maintain sodium levels?
What substance is primarily secreted into urine to maintain sodium levels?
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What measurement technique is most commonly used to measure the specific gravity of urine?
What measurement technique is most commonly used to measure the specific gravity of urine?
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What is the primary function of nephron units in the kidneys?
What is the primary function of nephron units in the kidneys?
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What change in urine color may indicate a patient is taking rifampin?
What change in urine color may indicate a patient is taking rifampin?
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What is the maximum concentration level of glucose in blood before it is reabsorbed?
What is the maximum concentration level of glucose in blood before it is reabsorbed?
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Which type of urine specimen is most concentrated?
Which type of urine specimen is most concentrated?
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What is the purpose of chemical examination of urine?
What is the purpose of chemical examination of urine?
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Why should urine specimens be labeled immediately after collection?
Why should urine specimens be labeled immediately after collection?
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What is the normal volume of urine eliminated daily?
What is the normal volume of urine eliminated daily?
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What could changing urine odor indicate?
What could changing urine odor indicate?
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What is a precaution to take when handling urine specimens?
What is a precaution to take when handling urine specimens?
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What can cause a variation in urine appearance?
What can cause a variation in urine appearance?
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What is the primary function of mechanical digestion?
What is the primary function of mechanical digestion?
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Which organ is responsible for detoxifying nutrients before they enter general circulation?
Which organ is responsible for detoxifying nutrients before they enter general circulation?
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The serous membrane that holds abdominal organs in position is known as what?
The serous membrane that holds abdominal organs in position is known as what?
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Which phase of gastric secretion starts when the body senses food?
Which phase of gastric secretion starts when the body senses food?
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How does bile aid in lipid digestion?
How does bile aid in lipid digestion?
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Which section of the small intestine is most responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?
Which section of the small intestine is most responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?
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Which type of salivary gland is located beneath the jawbone?
Which type of salivary gland is located beneath the jawbone?
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What structure connects the stomach to the duodenum and regulates movement into the small intestine?
What structure connects the stomach to the duodenum and regulates movement into the small intestine?
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What is the role of the brush border enzymes in carbohydrate digestion?
What is the role of the brush border enzymes in carbohydrate digestion?
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Which part of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle?
Which part of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle?
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What is the main function of the large intestine?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
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What regulates the flow of bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
What regulates the flow of bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
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What is a common function of the pancreas?
What is a common function of the pancreas?
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Study Notes
Urinary Formation
- Urine is formed in the kidneys and excreted through the urethra.
- The urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The kidneys filter waste products, salts, and excess fluid from the blood.
- Tubules concentrate the filtered material.
- Nephrons, consisting of glomeruli and tubules, make up the functional units of the kidneys.
- One million nephrons exist in each kidney.
- Substances, like water, ammonia, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, creatinine, and urea are filtered out from the body.
- Urine production can vary (increase or decrease) depending on the body's needs.
- Urine color and odor can change.
- Abnormal constituents in urine can include white blood cells, fats, glucose, casts, bile, hemoglobin, and red blood cells.
- Urine concentration (specific gravity) can vary.
Urine Composition
- Urine is primarily water (96%) and dissolved substances (4%).
- Dissolved substances include urea, salts, sulfates, and phosphates.
- Abnormal constituents of urine can include white blood cells, fats, glucose, casts, bile, hemoglobin and red blood cells.
Filtration
- Glomeruli filter waste products, salts, and excess fluid from the blood.
- Tubules concentrate the filtered substances.
- Common substances in urine include water, ammonia, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, creatinine, and urea.
- Chemical constituents within urine may change.
Secretion
- Substances not already filtered are secreted in the urine.
- Substances like hydrogen and ammonium ions may be secreted into the urine in exchange for sodium.
Reabsorption
- About 180 liters of filtrate are produced daily.
- The body reabsorbs most of the filtrate.
- Blood cells and proteins stay in the blood.
- Glucose is reabsorbed if blood glucose is below 180 mg/dl.
Safety
- Standard precautions are necessary during urine collection.
- Transmission precaution procedures are needed.
- Biohazard precautions are also necessary.
- Proper disposal of urine is a safety consideration.
Quality Control
- Regulatory agencies oversee testing protocols.
- Testing records are maintained.
- Instruments are recalibrated.
Urine Containers
- Sterile containers are needed for cultures.
- Preservative may be added to 24-hour collection containers.
Urine Collection
- Specimens should be labeled immediately after collection with patient information, date, time, physician's name, and identifier.
- Random specimens, concentrated specimens (first specimen of the day), fasting specimens, and catheterized specimens are collected for various purposes.
- Fasting specimens may require directions and specific lengths of fast from patients.
- Collection and testing should follow correct procedures for reliable results.
Examination of Urine
- Examining urine should be done promptly, preferably within 30 minutes.
- Refrigerate if testing is delayed.
- Urine specimens should be observed for color, clarity, and odor before testing.
Routine Urinalysis Procedure
- Physical examination of urine, including observations of color and clarity, is documented.
Urine Sediment Cells and Microsopic
- Examination of urine sediment cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and other components, is performed.
- Parasite and bacteria identification is commonly conducted.
- Crystal identification in urine specimens is also a part of the examination.
Urine Crystals
- Common urine crystals include uric acid, cysteine, and crystals related to drug usage.
Urine Report
- An urinalysis report includes patient information, specimen type, method of collection, ordering provider, medical assistant name, date and time of collection, time of testing, and findings.
Drug Screening
- Drug screening, testing protocol follows chain-of-custody procedures, and is essential for various purposes (e.g. employment).
- Results from urine drug screening are typically evaluated against documented guidelines and legal protocols.
Digestive System
- Digestion involves breaking down ingested food.
- Secretion, mixing and propulsion, absorption and excretion are essential components of the digestive process.
- Organs of the digestive system include digestive tract, accessory digestive organs such as liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands.
- Mechanical digestion uses force, while chemical digestion uses enzymes and other secretions.
- The digestive system includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The GI tract is a continuous tube.
- Secretions are involved in digestive processes.
Peristalsis
- Sequential muscle contractions move food through the digestive tract.
Nerve Supply
- The central nervous system initiates digestive processes like salivation, and the enteric nervous system controls the movement of materials within the GI tract.
- The autonomic nervous system modulates the speed of GI motility and secretion.
Blood Supply
- Nutrients are delivered from the GI tract after absorption.
- Blood vessels remove waste products.
The Peritoneum
- This serous membrane supports abdominal organs, and helps to reduce friction between organs
Accessory Organs
- Accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder) support digestion by breaking down and processing food.
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Description
Explore the processes involved in urinary formation and the components that make up urine. This quiz covers the anatomy of the urinary system, the role of nephrons, as well as factors influencing urine composition and characteristics. Test your understanding of how kidneys function and what constitutes normal and abnormal urine.
