Urinary Formation and Composition

A condition where the level of chloride in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is lower than normal.

A condition where the level of chloride in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is higher than normal.

A condition where the level of phosphorus in the intracellular fluid (ICF) is lower than normal.

A condition where the level of phosphorus in the intracellular fluid (ICF) is higher than normal.

A hypertonic solution used to treat severe hypoglycemia.

The breakdown of ingested food into smaller molecules that the body can absorb.

The production and release of fluids like saliva, gastric juices, and bile, which aid in digestion.

The movement of food through the digestive tract, including churning and squeezing actions.

The process of taking nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

The elimination of waste products from the digestive system as feces.

A long, continuous tube that begins with the mouth and ends with the anus, where food passes through.

Organs that are not part of the GI tract but help with digestion, including the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The functions are: digestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, absorption, and excretion.

The GI tract is responsible for breaking down and absorbing nutrients from the food we eat.

They help with digestion by producing enzymes and fluids that break down food and aid in the absorption of nutrients.

A type of fluid that contains electrolytes and other small molecules, allowing it to pass through cell membranes easily.

Fluid with the same concentration as the body's fluids, resulting in no net movement of water into or out of cells.

Fluid with a lower concentration of solutes than the body's fluids, causing water to move into cells and potentially swell them.

Fluid with a higher concentration of solutes than the body's fluids, causing water to move out of cells and potentially shrink them.

A solution containing larger molecules, like proteins, that are too big to pass easily through cell membranes.

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, requiring no energy.

Movement of molecules across a cell membrane with the help of transport proteins, requiring no energy.

The primary positively charged ion found outside cells (extracellular).

Normal range is 135-145 mEq/L. Hyponatremia is too low, hypernatremia is too high.

Found in both cells (intracellular) and fluids outside cells (extracellular), with the majority (90%) stored in teeth.

Normal range is 22 to 25 mEq/L or 4.25 to 5.25 mg/dL. Hypocalcemia is too low, hypercalcemia is too high.

Mostly found within cells (intracellular) and plays a key role in nerve and muscle function.

Normal range is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.

Elevated potassium levels in the blood.

Solutions with a lower concentration of dissolved particles compared to the blood.

The process of removing waste products, salts, and excess fluid from the blood in the glomerulus.

The process of taking back useful substances from the filtered fluid in the tubules and returning them to the blood.

The creation of urine in the kidneys, involving three main steps: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

The process of adding unwanted substances from the blood into the filtered fluid in the tubules.

Urine is mostly water (96%), with dissolved substances like urea, salts, sulfates, and phosphates.

These are substances that shouldn't be found in urine, like white blood cells, fat, glucose, casts, bile, hemoglobin, and red blood cells.

Changes in urine production can include changes in color, appearance, odor, concentration, and the presence of cells or chemical constituents.

A standard test that involves physically examining the urine, including its color, transparency, and chemical analysis using reagent strips.

Urine collected at any time.

Urine collected after a specific period of time without eating, used to measure substances without food interference.

Urine collected directly from the bladder using a sterile tube inserted through the urethra, ensuring a non-contaminated sample.

Urine collected mid-stream after initial flow is discarded, reducing contamination from the urethra.

An instrument used to measure the specific gravity of urine, a measure of its concentration.

Centrifuge the urine to separate the sediment, then pour off the liquid and resuspend the sediment for examination under a microscope.

The process of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces using muscle force.

The process of chemically breaking down food using enzymes and other secretions.

Wave-like muscle contractions that propel food through the digestive tract.

The four major folds of the peritoneum are the lesser omentum, greater omentum, transverse mesocolon, and mesentery proper.

A fold of tissue that helps hold abdominal organs in place and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

The lesser omentum connects the stomach to the liver.

The greater omentum hangs over the abdominal organs, protecting them and helping with immune responses.

Three pairs of glands that secrete saliva into the mouth, initiating chemical digestion and moistening food.

Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars.

Teeth are used to tear, grind, and mechanically break down food.

The process of swallowing involves three phases: the voluntary phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase.

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, propelling food through peristalsis.

The stomach is divided into the cardia, fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus.

The pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.

A mixture of secretions produced by the stomach glands, including hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.