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Questions and Answers
What condition is indicated by a high number of white blood cells in urine sediment?
What condition is indicated by a high number of white blood cells in urine sediment?
Which of the following is an abnormal finding in urine that indicates a potential health issue?
Which of the following is an abnormal finding in urine that indicates a potential health issue?
What is the term for the presence of red blood cells in urine?
What is the term for the presence of red blood cells in urine?
High concentrations of uric acid in urine may be associated with which of the following conditions?
High concentrations of uric acid in urine may be associated with which of the following conditions?
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What does the presence of casts in urine typically indicate?
What does the presence of casts in urine typically indicate?
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Which of the following forms of uric acid concentration is indicative of decreased levels?
Which of the following forms of uric acid concentration is indicative of decreased levels?
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In which condition can yeast cells be commonly found in urine?
In which condition can yeast cells be commonly found in urine?
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An increased presence of epithelial cells in urine of men is usually associated with what?
An increased presence of epithelial cells in urine of men is usually associated with what?
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What is the normal fasting concentration range of glucose in the blood?
What is the normal fasting concentration range of glucose in the blood?
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What typically first appears in urine when kidney dysfunction begins?
What typically first appears in urine when kidney dysfunction begins?
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What condition could lead to the release of glucose in urine?
What condition could lead to the release of glucose in urine?
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Why is the urine bilirubin test significant?
Why is the urine bilirubin test significant?
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What does an increased level of urobilinogen in urine indicate?
What does an increased level of urobilinogen in urine indicate?
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What substance is specifically detected in urine tests for ketones?
What substance is specifically detected in urine tests for ketones?
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What condition is diagnosed with the presence of a large number of RBCs in urine?
What condition is diagnosed with the presence of a large number of RBCs in urine?
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What triggers the kidneys to release glucose into the urine?
What triggers the kidneys to release glucose into the urine?
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What is the normal range for the pH of urine?
What is the normal range for the pH of urine?
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Which of the following abnormalities can lead to an increase in urine specific gravity?
Which of the following abnormalities can lead to an increase in urine specific gravity?
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What is the primary purpose of a urine culture?
What is the primary purpose of a urine culture?
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Which statement regarding urine pH is accurate?
Which statement regarding urine pH is accurate?
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What does a low specific gravity of urine (1.003) indicate?
What does a low specific gravity of urine (1.003) indicate?
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Which components are typically included in routine urinalysis?
Which components are typically included in routine urinalysis?
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What does an increase in specific gravity (1.035) typically indicate?
What does an increase in specific gravity (1.035) typically indicate?
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Which of the following factors can cause urine to become more acidic?
Which of the following factors can cause urine to become more acidic?
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Flashcards
Reagent strips
Reagent strips
Plastic strips with chemically impregnated sites used for urine tests.
Glucose Normal Range
Glucose Normal Range
Normal blood glucose levels are 70-99 mg/dL fasting; <140 mg/dL after eating.
Renal Threshold
Renal Threshold
Blood glucose concentration (160-180 mg/dL) where glucose appears in urine.
Glucosuria
Glucosuria
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Protein in Urine
Protein in Urine
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Bilirubin Test
Bilirubin Test
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Urobilinogen
Urobilinogen
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Ketones in Urine
Ketones in Urine
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Urinalysis
Urinalysis
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Routine Urinalysis
Routine Urinalysis
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GUE
GUE
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Physical Appearance of Urine
Physical Appearance of Urine
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pH of Urine
pH of Urine
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity
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Elevated Specific Gravity
Elevated Specific Gravity
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Decreased Specific Gravity
Decreased Specific Gravity
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Uric Acid Test
Uric Acid Test
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Hyperuricosuria
Hyperuricosuria
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Hypouricosuria
Hypouricosuria
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Pyuria
Pyuria
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Hematuria
Hematuria
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Epithelial Cells
Epithelial Cells
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Casts
Casts
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Yeast Cells
Yeast Cells
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Study Notes
Urine Analysis Overview
- Urinalysis involves chemical and microscopic tests to detect products of normal and abnormal metabolism, cells, and bacteria in urine.
- Urine is the filtered product of the urinary system.
- Microscopically, microbiologically, chemically, and immunologically, urine reflects the state of the urinary system's normality or abnormality.
- Urinalysis is categorized into two main groups: routine and specific urinalysis.
Routine urinalysis consists of:
- General Urine Examination (GUE) which includes:
- Physical appearance examination (volume, color, odor, reaction (pH), specific gravity)
- Chemical composition examination (proteins, sugars, ketone bodies, bile salts, bile pigments, blood)
- Microscopic composition examination (cells, crystals, casts, microorganisms, parasites, contamination)
Specific urinalysis includes:
- Urine culture: detects the presence of bacteria
- Microbial sensitivity test: determines specific bacteria sensitivity to antibiotics
- Immunological tests: identify specific immune factors
Physical Appearance of Urine
- Normal urine is pale yellow to amber, clear to slightly hazy, with a pH range of 4.5-8.0.
- Urine appearance can change due to various abnormalities:
- Cloudy urine, often with an unpleasant odor, containing white blood cells (WBCs), may indicate a bacterial infection.
- Red or cloudy urine due to red blood cells (RBCs) can result from urinary shistosomiasis or bacterial infection.
- Brown or cloudy urine due to hemoglobin can indicate blackwater fever or other conditions causing intravascular hemolysis.
- Yellow-brown or green-brown urine (bilirubin) can suggest acute viral hepatitis or obstruction jaundice.
- Urine that contains urobilin/oxidized urobilinogen can be due to haemolysis, or hepatic cellular jaundice
- Milky white urine may contain chyle (fatty lymph) which is an indication of Bancroft filarial.
Urine pH
- Urine pH is not a reliable indicator of abnormalities on its own.
- Kidneys play a key role in maintaining acid-base balance and urine pH correlates with blood acidosis or alkalosis.
- Increased protein intake leads to acidic urine.
- Increased vegetable & citrus fruit intake can result in alkaline urine.
Specific gravity
- Specific gravity (SG) measures the concentration of dissolved substances in urine.
- Normal urine ranges from 1.010 to 1.025.
- High SG (above 1.025) indicates highly concentrated urine, which could be due to: diabetes mellitus, large amounts of medication, or radiological studies.
- Low SG (below 1.010) indicates low concentrated urine indicative of diabetes insipidus, renal failure, or polyuria.
Chemical and Biochemical Composition
- Reagent strips (dipsticks) are used for routine chemical tests using chemical reactions on the strip which cause a color change when contacted with urine.
- The color change is compared to a color chart to determine the amount of the specific substance in the urine sample
- Key tests identified include glucose, proteins, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, blood, and uric acid.
Microscopic Examination of Urine
- Examine urine microscopically to identify solid components.
- Normal sediment can include white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), casts, yeast cells, parasites, bacteria, epithelial cells, and spermatozoa.
- Increased WBCs suggest urinary tract infection or inflammation (pyuria).
- RBCs indicate potential kidney damage, urinary tract tumors or menstruation.
- Epithelial cells, if found in large quantities, could indicate urinary tract infection (UTI), inflammation in the urinary tract or kidney issues.
- Casts are formed from abnormal proteins and indicate kidney issues.
- The presence of yeast or parasites indicates infections.
Specific Substances in Urine
- Glucose: Excess glucose in urine typically indicates diabetes or conditions increasing blood glucose beyond the renal threshold.
- Proteins: High protein levels, particularly albumin, are indicative of kidney dysfunction.
- Bilirubin: Elevated bilirubin suggests liver issues (hepatitis, biliary obstruction).
- Urobilinogen: Increased urobilinogen indicates liver or prehepatic issues(jaundice).
- Ketones: High ketone levels can suggest problems like insulin deficiency or starvation.
- Blood: Presence of red blood cells (RBCs) can indicate damage to the kidney or urinary tract.
- Uric acid: High or low levels might indicate conditions like gout or metabolic issues.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of urinalysis, including both routine and specific tests used to evaluate urine. Learn about the physical, chemical, and microscopic evaluations essential for understanding the urinary system's health. Test your knowledge on general examinations and specific urinalysis techniques.
