Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the minimum volume of urine generally required for routine urinalysis?
Which urine specimen is most appropriate for culture to avoid contamination?
What should be indicated on the labeling of a urine specimen collection?
How soon does decomposition of urine begin after collection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using multiple-reagent strips in a physical examination of urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the best method for preserving urine specimens?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is specifically tested using Ictotest Reagent Tablets?
Signup and view all the answers
What must be done daily to ensure the quality control of urinalysis testing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of urine specimen mentioned?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical preservatives are commonly used for urine specimens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the focus of microscopic examination in urinalysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the ideal way to collect a 24-hour urine specimen?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be implemented to improve quality assurance in the post-analytical phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if quality control does not meet the accepted standards?
Signup and view all the answers
Which function of the kidney is NOT primarily associated with the renal physiology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is assessed by using refractometers in urinalysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of epithelial cells line the bladder and ureters?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the post-analytical variability phase involve?
Signup and view all the answers
What leads to potential issues like urinary tract infections or kidney disease with respect to urinary system histology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which urine components can be detected by standard urine test strips?
Signup and view all the answers
What ensures prompt sharing of results in the post-analytical phase?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following processes is NOT carried out by the kidney?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the functional unit of the kidney where urine is formed?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of epithelial cells in the urinary system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the normal range of daily urine volume for adults with normal fluid intake?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pigment is primarily responsible for the color of urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is characterized by the excretion of less than 500 mL of urine in 24 hours?
Signup and view all the answers
Which abnormal urine color could indicate the presence of bile pigments?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a specific gravity of urine less than 1.000 typically indicate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can commonly cause a fruity odor in urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of urine would likely appear cloudy due to the presence of pus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which condition defines the complete absence of urine formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What does specific gravity measure in urine analysis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method has largely replaced the refractometer in measuring urine specific gravity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary factor influencing the measurements of urine solute concentration?
Signup and view all the answers
Which reagent is NOT part of the double-indicator system used for pH testing in urine?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition may result from excess acid being eliminated by the kidneys?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using reagent strip tests for urinalysis?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect can bacterial growth in urine have on pH measurement?
Signup and view all the answers
What could be a potential cause of proteinuria?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Urinalysis - Chemical Examination
- Urine reagent strips are used to rapidly screen urine for various chemical components.
- Ictotest reagent tablets are used to test for bilirubin in urine, an indicator of liver disease.
- Refractometers (manual and digital) are used to measure urine specific gravity (SG) and assess hydration status.
Urinalysis - Microscopic Examination
- Microscopic urinalysis involves examining a urine sample under a microscope to identify cells, crystals, casts, and other substances.
Quality Control
- Quality control must be performed daily using known positive and negative controls to ensure the accuracy of urinalysis tests.
- Commercially available controls with set values for the test being performed are used.
- QC data is recorded daily, including the date a strip or bottle is opened, the expiration date, and storage information.
- If quality control fails, the test cannot be performed and must be troubleshooted.
Post-Analytical Variability
- Post-analytical variability focuses on the final inspection of results before reporting or releasing to the provider.
- Barcoded ID systems help prevent misidentification and inaccurate labeling.
- Automated transmission of reports ensures results are shared promptly.
- A troubleshooting plan can identify and prevent errors.
Renal Anatomy
- The renal system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra.
Renal Physiology
- The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, where urine is formed.
- Formed urine flows from the kidney into the ureters and is stored temporarily in the bladder.
- Urine is eliminated from the body through the urethra.
Functions Of The Kidneys
-
Main functions of the kidneys:
- Removal of waste products
- Retention of nutrients
- Acid-base balance
- Water and electrolyte balance
- Hormone synthesis
Histology of The Renal System
- Epithelial cells line all urinary system structures, each with a specific type.
- Transitional epithelial cells line the bladder and ureters.
- Squamous epithelial cells are primarily found in the urethra.
- Renal tubular epithelial cells originate from the kidney tubules.
Types of Urine Specimens
- Random specimen: collected at any time.
- First morning specimen: collected upon waking.
- Midstream clean-catch specimen: collected after cleaning the genital area, with the middle portion of the stream collected.
- 24-hour or timed specimen: urine collected over a 24-hour period.
- Catheter collection specimen: collected using a catheter.
- Suprapubic aspiration specimen: collected by inserting a needle directly into the bladder.
- Pediatric specimen: collected using a urine bag.
Collection and Preservation of Urine Specimens
-
Containers for urine collection:
- Urine collection cups
- Urinalysis tubes
- 24-hour collection containers
- Urine culture containers
- Urine transport tubes
-
Minimum volume for routine urinalysis: 12 mL, but 50 mL is preferable.
-
Urine for microscopic analysis: Centrifuged and concentrated to 1 mL of sediment.
Collection of Urine Specimens
- Routine specimens: Fresh, clean, dry container.
- Timed urine specimens: Patient is instructed about collection process.
- Urine for culture: Clean-catch, midstream specimen.
Preservation of Urine Specimens
- Urine decomposition begins within 30 minutes after collection.
- Refrigeration is the best method of preservation.
- Chemical preservatives include hydrochloric acid, boric acid, and acetic acid.
Labeling and Processing Urine
- Labels: Date and time of collection, collection method (UV/UC/Random), preservation, light protection.
Physical Properties of Urine
- Volume: Normal adult range: 1200-1500 mL/24 hours.
- Color: Determined by pigments: urochrome, uroerythrin, and urobilin.
- Transparency: Normally clear, can become cloudy when it stands.
- Odor: Faintly aromatic.
- Specific Gravity: Measures dissolved substances in urine compared to distilled water.
Abnormal Volumes
- Polyuria: More than 2000 mL/24 hours.
- Diuresis: Any increase in urine volume.
- Oliguria: Less than 500 mL/24 hours.
- Anuria: Complete absence of urine formation.
- Nocturia: Excretion of more than 400 mL urine at night.
Abnormal Color
- Pale: Dilute urine.
- Amber: Concentrated urine or bilirubin.
- Brown: Bilirubin or biliverdin.
- Orange: Urobilin, azo-containing dyes or compounds.
- Red: Blood, heme-derived pigments, urates, drugs, foodstuffs.
- Clear red: Hemoglobin.
- Cloudy red: Red blood cells.
- Dark red-brown: Myoglobin.
- Dark red or red-purple: Porphyrins.
- Black or dark brown: Melanin, homogentisic acid, phenol poisoning.
- Green, blue, or orange: Drugs, medications, foodstuffs.
Abnormal Transparency
- Hazy, cloudy, turbid: Mucus, phosphates, urates, crystals, bacteria, pus, fat, casts.
Abnormal Odor
- Ammonia (ammoniacal): Breakdown of urea by bacteria (old urine).
- Sweet or "fruity": Ketone bodies.
- Other abnormal odors: Infection, specific amino acid disorders.
Specific Gravity
- Clinically important for assessing kidney function and hydration status.
- Reagent strips are commonly used to measure specific gravity.
Chemical Tests in Routine Urinalysis - Reagent Strip Tests
- Advantages: Convenience, cost-effectiveness, stability, ease of use, disposability, smaller sample volumes, space savings.
- Timing: Follow manufacturer's instructions for each test.
- Automated instruments: Control exact timing of chemical reactions.
Chemical Tests in Routine Urinalysis - Reagent Test Strips - pH
- Clinical importance: Kidneys eliminate excess acid.
- Acidic urine: Causes and effects.
- Alkaline Urine: Causes and effects.
- Reagent strip tests: Principle: Double-indicator system (methyl red and bromthymol blue).
- Additional comments: Test fresh specimens to avoid pH shift due to bacterial growth, avoid excessive wetting of the strip.
Chemical Tests in Routine Urinalysis - Reagent Test Strips - Protein
- Clinical importance: Proteinuria can indicate glomerular or tubular damage.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of urinalysis, including both chemical and microscopic examinations. It explores the use of urine reagent strips, ictotest tablets, and refractometers, as well as the importance of quality control in ensuring test accuracy. Test your knowledge of urine analysis techniques and protocols.
