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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate renal blood flow?
What is the approximate renal blood flow?
- 0.8 L/min
- 1.2 L/min (correct)
- 2.0 L/min
- 1.5 L/min
What is the glomerular filtration rate in a standard patient?
What is the glomerular filtration rate in a standard patient?
- 60 mL/min
- 90 mL/min
- 150 mL/min
- 120 mL/min (correct)
Where does active renal secretion mainly occur?
Where does active renal secretion mainly occur?
- Loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Proximal convoluted tubule (correct)
- Collecting duct
In which part of the kidney does tubular reabsorption take place?
In which part of the kidney does tubular reabsorption take place?
What is the range of pH for urine?
What is the range of pH for urine?
What process is the only way to decrease drug excretion rate?
What process is the only way to decrease drug excretion rate?
What influences the rate of passive transport of drugs back into the bloodstream?
What influences the rate of passive transport of drugs back into the bloodstream?
What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?
What is the approximate number of nephrons in the kidney?
What is the main excretory organ with endocrine functions?
What is the main excretory organ with endocrine functions?
What does the renal excretion of drugs involve?
What does the renal excretion of drugs involve?
Which organ participates in the excretion of volatile drugs and metabolites?
Which organ participates in the excretion of volatile drugs and metabolites?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of water-soluble drugs and metabolites?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the excretion of water-soluble drugs and metabolites?
Which route is involved in the excretion of orally administered drugs that are not completely absorbed?
Which route is involved in the excretion of orally administered drugs that are not completely absorbed?
Which organ participates in the excretion of drugs and metabolites that undergo biliary excretion?
Which organ participates in the excretion of drugs and metabolites that undergo biliary excretion?
Which structure in the kidney is responsible for the reabsorption of physiologically important metabolites, ions, and water?
Which structure in the kidney is responsible for the reabsorption of physiologically important metabolites, ions, and water?
Which part of the kidney is primarily involved in the excretion of drugs and metabolites with fast trans-bilayer transport?
Which part of the kidney is primarily involved in the excretion of drugs and metabolites with fast trans-bilayer transport?
Which vessel carries blood away from the kidney?
Which vessel carries blood away from the kidney?
Which vessel carries blood into the renal cortex?
Which vessel carries blood into the renal cortex?
Which structure in the kidney is responsible for the collection of urine before it passes into the ureter?
Which structure in the kidney is responsible for the collection of urine before it passes into the ureter?
Which part of the kidney contains the structures known as the renal columns?
Which part of the kidney contains the structures known as the renal columns?
Which drug property results in low reabsorption and high excretion?
Which drug property results in low reabsorption and high excretion?
What is the proportionality constant between the drug amount eliminated per time unit and the drug concentration in the given compartment?
What is the proportionality constant between the drug amount eliminated per time unit and the drug concentration in the given compartment?
What are the units of drug clearance (Cl)?
What are the units of drug clearance (Cl)?
Which equation can be rearranged for the whole body and integrated for the whole period of presence of drug in the body?
Which equation can be rearranged for the whole body and integrated for the whole period of presence of drug in the body?
What does a drug clearance (Cl) equal to the volume of fluid completely cleared of the drug per unit of time?
What does a drug clearance (Cl) equal to the volume of fluid completely cleared of the drug per unit of time?
What is the mechanism if the clearance of a drug is compared to the measured inulin clearance?
What is the mechanism if the clearance of a drug is compared to the measured inulin clearance?
Which drugs have low reabsorption and high excretion based on their properties?
Which drugs have low reabsorption and high excretion based on their properties?
What is the consequence of compounds with low reabsorption and high excretion properties?
What is the consequence of compounds with low reabsorption and high excretion properties?
What does drug clearance (Cl) characterize?
What does drug clearance (Cl) characterize?
What is the comparison between drug clearance and inulin clearance if the value of clearance is < 1?
What is the comparison between drug clearance and inulin clearance if the value of clearance is < 1?
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Study Notes
Ureter Kidney: Function and Structure
- The kidney serves as the main excretory organ with endocrine functions including erythropoietin and renin/aldosterone for homeostasis.
- The kidney has two main regions - the cortex and the medulla, and renal blood flow is approximately 1.2 L/min.
- Glomerular filtration rate is around 120 mL/min in a standard patient, and urine represents only about 1% of the filtered volume.
- The renal excretion of drugs involves glomerular filtration, active tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption.
- The kidney contains about a million nephrons, with different types located in the cortex and medulla.
- Active renal secretion involves carrier-mediated and energy-dependent transport, mainly occurring in the proximal convoluted tubule.
- Tubular reabsorption is the only way to decrease drug excretion rate, involving active and passive processes, and endocytosis.
- Passive tubular reabsorption occurs throughout the tubule, while endocytosis takes place in the proximal tubule.
- The rate of passive transport of drugs back into the bloodstream is influenced by factors such as lipophilicity and pH of urine.
- The pH of urine ranges from 4.5 to 8.0+ and can be affected by factors like nutrients and urinary tract infections.
- The permeability coefficient for ionizable drugs is proportional to the membranes/lumen partition coefficient and depends on pH and counterions.
- Passive reabsorption extent is determined by the equilibrium urine/plasma ratio and is influenced by factors like lipophilicity and pH of urine.
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