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Questions and Answers
Urdu alphabet consists of 37 letters borrowed from Arabic and Persian scripts.
False
The Urdu alphabet includes the letter 'پ' representing a voiced bilabial stop.
True
The Urdu script is written from left to right.
False
Urdu vocabulary has been influenced by Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Turkish, Greek, and French.
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Urdu literature includes genres such as poetry, prose fiction, drama, and essays.
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Urdu script has no influence from regional languages like Punjabi, Gujarati, and Bengali.
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The Urdu alphabet does not include additional letters borrowed from Arabic.
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Urdu grammar follows a Verb-Subject-Object (VSO) word order structure.
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The Urdu alphabet includes a glottal stop represented by the letter 'ڑ'.
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Urdu grammar does not involve inflection based on gender, plurality, tense, and person.
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The vowel 'اے' in Urdu represents a close-mid front rounded vowel.
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Common phrases in Urdu include 'Kaisa ho?' which means 'good morning'.
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Study Notes
Introduction
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the official languages of India. It has its origins in the Hindi and Persian languages and has been influenced by other regional languages like Punjabi, Gujarati, Rajasthani, Bengali, Kashmiri, and Brahui. In this article, we will explore various aspects of the Urdu language, including its alphabet, grammar, vocabulary, literature, and script.
Alphabet
The Urdu alphabet consists of 39 letters borrowed from Arabic and Persian scripts, with additional diacritical marks used to indicate vowels and pronunciation variations. These letters can create seven basic sounds: five consonants (ب, پ, ت, ٹ, ڈ), one semivowel (ث), and a glottal stop (ڑ).
Alphabet and Consonants
The Urdu alphabet includes the following consonants:
- ب (B) - Voiced bilabial stop
- پ (P) - Voiceless bilabial stop
- ت (T) - Voiced dental stop
- ٹ (Ṭ) - Voiceless dental stop
- ڈ (Ṅ) - Voiced retroflex stop
- ث (Ṣ) - Voiceless glottal stop
Vowels and Semi-Vowels
The Urdu alphabet also includes the following vowels and semi-vowels:
- ا (U) - Open front unrounded vowel
- ا̄ (Ū) - Close front unrounded vowel
- اَ (Ū) - Open-mid front unrounded vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Close-mid front unrounded vowel
- اے (Ū) - Open-mid front rounded vowel
- اِ (Ū) - Close-mid front rounded vowel
- ا̈ (Ū) - Closed front rounded vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Half-open front unrounded vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Half-open front rounded vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Half-open central vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Half-open back vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Open back rounded vowel
- اَ̄ (Ū) - Close back rounded vowel
- اُ (Ū) - Mid central vowel
- اْ (Ū) - Low central vowel
Additionally, the following diacritical marks are used to modify the sounds of these vowels:
- ے (Ē) - Long vowel
- ہ (Ĥ) - Short vowel
- ھـ (Ĝ) - Syllabic sound
- ج (-) - Vowel nasalization
- گ (-) - Vocalic glide
- ش (-) - Oral fricative
- ض (-) - Nasalized glottal stop
- ظ (-) - Glottal stop + fricative
Grammar
Urdu grammar follows a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order structure similar to English. However, it also includes inflection of nouns, verbs, and adjectives based on gender, plurality, tense, and person. Additionally, it employs a complex system of particles that function as prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
Vocabulary
Urdu vocabulary has been influenced by various sources, including Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Turkish, Greek, and English. Some common phrases in Urdu include greetings, such as "Assalamu-alaikum" (peace be upon you), questions like "Kaisa ho?" (how are you?), and expressions like "Mujhe pyar hai" (I love you).
Literature
Urdu literature dates back to the 12th century and encompasses various genres, including poetry, prose fiction, drama, and essays. Notable works in Urdu literature include the poem "Gulistan" by Sultan Bahu and the story collection "Umar Marvi" by Mirza Ghalib.
Script
The Urdu script is a variant of the Perso-Arabic script and includes additional letters borrowed from Arabic and other regional scripts. It is written right to left and has been adapted for use on keyboards. The script also employs diacritical marks to indicate vowels and modify sounds.
In conclusion, Urdu is a rich and complex language with its roots in various sources and influences. Its alphabet, grammar, vocabulary, literature, and script all contribute to the unique character and depth of this vibrant language.
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Description
Explore the alphabet, grammar, vocabulary, literature, and script of the Urdu language. Learn about the unique sounds, diacritical marks, word order structure, diverse vocabulary sources, and rich literary tradition of Urdu.
