URBS 260 Analytical Methods Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the sampling ratio for simple random sampling?

$\frac{n}{N}$

What issue may systematic sampling face if the sampling frame is systematically ordered?

Underrepresentation of certain elements

In which type of sampling is proportional representation of subgroups in the population ensured?

Stratified random sampling

When is quota sampling used?

To match the proportion of cases in particular categories in the population Signup and view all the answers

What does theoretical sampling focus on?

Obtaining information from a sample most knowledgeable about a subject Signup and view all the answers

What does snowball sampling involve?

Contacting individuals who then provide contacts for other participants Signup and view all the answers

What is a representative sample?

A sample that contains the same essential characteristics as the population Signup and view all the answers

What is a probability sample?

A sample selected using a random process so that each element in the population has a known likelihood of being selected Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-probability sample?

A sample selected using a non-random method Signup and view all the answers

What is a sampling frame?

The list of elements that the sample will be selected from Signup and view all the answers

What is sampling error?

Estimation error due to differences between the characteristics of the sample and those of the population Signup and view all the answers

What is non-response in sampling?

The failure to obtain data from elements selected for the sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of observing every fifth interaction between students and librarians at a reference desk?

To ensure a representative sample of interactions is observed Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sample size and sampling error?

As sample size increases, sampling error tends to decrease Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure used to quantify the difference between a sample mean and the population mean?

Standard error of the mean Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the necessary sample size in relation to population heterogeneity?

The level of diversity within the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of sample participation known as?

Response rate Signup and view all the answers

What is PPAP an acronym for?

Own a Smartphone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of probability sampling?

To ensure every individual has an equal chance of being selected in the sample Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased sample size tend to do to sampling error?

Decrease it by a proportional amount Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sampling Methods in Research

Simple random sampling involves each element having an equal chance of selection and uses a random number table or computer program to generate random numbers for selection.
The sampling ratio for simple random sampling is calculated as the sample size (n) divided by the population size (N).
Systematic sampling selects every ith case in the sampling frame and may face periodicity issues if the sampling frame is systematically ordered.
Stratified random sampling ensures proportional representation of subgroups in the population by dividing it into strata and selecting a sample from each stratum.
Multi-stage cluster sampling is used for large populations with geographically dispersed elements and involves selecting clusters and then subunits within those clusters.
The size of the sample needed may vary based on the heterogeneity of the population and the type of analysis to be conducted.
Types of non-probability sampling include accidental sampling, quota sampling, theoretical sampling, purposive sampling, systematic matching sampling, snowball sampling, and structured observation sampling.
Accidental sampling involves including readily available cases and is useful for pilot studies and developing research ideas.
Quota sampling collects a specified number of cases in particular categories to match the proportion of cases in that category in the population.
Theoretical sampling focuses on obtaining information from a sample of the population that is most knowledgeable about a subject, commonly used in qualitative research.
Purposive sampling involves the researcher selecting a 'typical' sample based on specialist knowledge or selection criteria.
Snowball sampling involves contacting individuals who then provide contacts for other participants, commonly used in survey studies.