Urbanization and Urbanism

• Urbanization is the process where a community gains urban characteristics, increasing the proportion of the population living in urban areas, and involves population redistribution from rural to urban settlements
• Level of urbanization is the proportion of people residing in urban areas relative to the total population at a specific time
• Urban growth refers to the rate at which urban areas increase in population
• Pace of urbanization is the average rate of change in the level of urbanization
• Suburbanization describes the expansion of a city, with residential areas spreading into the countryside
• Urban sprawl is the unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of urban development into areas bordering cities

Urbanization and Urbanism

• Urbanism is defined as the way of life associated with cities, including changes in values, customs, and behaviors
• "Urbanized" refers to the degree of urbanization, while "urbanism" describes the behavior of people
• Cities third world countries can be highly urbanized, with a high proportion of residents in urban areas, but exhibit low urbanism, meaning their way of life doesn't reflect urban values

Urban-Rural Dichotomy

• City life is characterized by formality and a disconnection from family and kinship
• Cities can face problems such as pollution, squalor, and crime due to overcrowding and traffic, yet many people still choose to live in them

Population Dynamics

• Push factors are rural circumstances that force people to migrate to cities
• Lack of income, absence of basic facilities, resource exploitation, poverty, helplessness, and armed conflicts
• Pull factors are urban attractions that encourage people to migrate
• Job oppurtunities, modern facilities, high quality environment, high standard of living, and vibrant social life

Factors Influencing Population Distribution

• Includes resettlement, industrial areas, highways, natural resources conservation, decentralization policies, agrarian reform, urban land use reform, services for informal settlers, utilities expansion, and rural security programs

Other Concepts

• Considers carrying capacity, population in urbanization, and population distribution types

City Functions: Economic

• Basic and continuing function where cities act as manufacturers and marketplaces
• Historically cities were at strategic locations for trade
• Regional market centers now near airports

Defense and Protection

• An obsolete urban function of cities that were designed to withstand sieges

Worship and Government

• Historically, the key function of cities involved temples, shrines, and administrative centers like medieval cathedrals

Transportation

• Greatly influences city locations
• Transportation enables larger, more spread-out cities
• Vertical transportation improvements remove limitations on buildings
• Transportation contributed to city development, but also damaged social/physical structures

Education

• Education is a continuous function of cities
• With education, cities act as educators through diversity

Cultural

• Cities were cultural hubs, hosting performances and celebrations
• Cultural aspects are sacrificed for temporary economic gains

Housing

• Housing is impacted by industrialization, and has shifted to the outskirts over time

Highly Urbanized Cities

• Minimum of 200,000 residents and 50 million pesos in annual income

Independent Component Cities

• Prohibit voters from voting for provincial officials and are independent from the province

Component Cities

• Do not meet the previous requirments and are part of the province

Requirements for Local Government Units: Income

• Income needs to be sufficient

Local Government Units: Population

• Units need to have sufficient inhabitants

Local Government Units: Land Area

• Land needs to be contiguous, properly bounded, and sufficient for services and populace needs

Urban Forms

• A clear city form helps inhabitants create connections
• The visual world informs people, helping them relate to the environment

Affecting Urban Forms: Landforms

• Topography, relationship with nature, cities/nature

Affecting Urban Forms: Shapes

• Includes linear, sheet, radio-centric, ring etc

Affecting Urban Forms: Size and Density

• Absolute scale, describing physical extent by kilometers across, center to outskirts, hectares, etc
• Density formulas, describing the number of people by kilometer or hectare parking

Building Floor Area and population

• Also measure automobile population, and Floor Area Ratio (FAR).

Open Space

• Open urban spaces are for recreation, preservation, nature and ecology
• Also providing visual amenity, safety, pyschological wellbeing, flood control, water preservation, reduced air pollution, resource preservations, and space for urban expansion

Urban Spaces

• Can be separators like greenways or centerpieces
• May include restoration areas

Lost Spaces

• Urban land is lost with automobile storage and movement
• Occurs with modern movement ideals
• Reduced with zoning and land use policies

Affecting Urban Forms: Controls

• Can be managed by land use and zoning, regulation of usage, allocation of land use, and programs

Urban Forms: Ecological Processes

• Adaptive reuse, transforming old buildings
• Process of invasion of the population
• Centralization for land use

Population Increase

• Creates an increase in a geographic center

Block-Boosting

• Creates old population outflow due to socio-economic differences

Centrification

• Improves physical set-up, affecting real estate for previously run-down areas

Urban Models: Concentric Zone Theory

• Formulated by Parking E.W. Burgess, a transitional zone for CBD expansion that's flawed but simplistic

Sector Model by Homer Hoyt

• Created by Homer Hoyt with premise for uses growing the CBD
• States high rent sectors extend along boulevards, are buffered, and are separated by physical barriers

High Rent Areas

• Grow from points of transportation or high grounds
• Develop along fastest communications, and community leaders

Multiple Nuclei Model

• By Chauncey Harris & Edward Ullman
• States the uses doesn't develop by a single core, and instead nodes and focal points

Factors Giving Rise to Separate Nuclei

• Special activity requirements, cohesion, detriment, and affordability

Urban Realms by James Vance

• Describes emergence of self-sufficient sectors

Location Theory

• Economic activity and location with self-interest in mind, maximizing profits and utilities
• Factors include localized materials and amenities with weight on transport costs
• Agriculture led to land by Von Thunen and Weber
• Modern location theory cares for individuals and economic men

Economic Rent by David Ricardo

• English political economist
• Work discusses labor value, RENT and comparative advantage
• Ricardos differential rent theory gives fertility for rent, and gave situation as a possible cause
• If land is the same, charges can't be made for its' use unless advantages are present
• Economic rent describes the difference through capital and labor
• Also describes payments for business stay

Location Rent by Johann Heinrich von Thunnen

• Connected spatial economics with rent theory
• Suggests products depend on market distance and product
• Theorized people minimize transpiration costs

Least Cost Location by Alfred Weber

• German economist and sociologist
• Studies location and built on Von Thunen's theory, factoring getting goods and transpiration
• Suggests manufacturers go to markets or inputs, depending on gain/loss
• Formulated one which an industry minimizes costs

Bid-Price Curve by William Alonso

• Extended Thünnen model with land uses
• Models employment/land/population as distances to CBD
• High rates equate to low transportation
• Developed bid-price curves and sets conditions

Commericial Industrial Use

• Price and rent decline with distance
• Wages higher in center, with labour greater than local

Accessibility, Nodes and Centers

• Locations close to these maximize supplier proximity
• Decentered for road improvements