Urban Geography: Cities and Urbanization

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson
Download our mobile app to listen on the go
Get App

Questions and Answers

What is a city?

A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions.

Define urban.

Relating to a city.

What is an agricultural surplus?

Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family.

What is socioeconomic stratification?

<p>The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first urban revolution?

<p>The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are urban hearth areas?

<p>Regions in which the world's first cities evolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a situation?

<p>The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features or its regional position with reference to other places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is capitalism?

<p>An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is communism?

<p>An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a streetcar suburb?

<p>A settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Second Urban Revolution?

<p>The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is redevelopment?

<p>A set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a metropolis?

<p>A very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an urban area?

<p>Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an urban cluster?

<p>In the United States, an urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a metropolitan statistical area?

<p>In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suburb?

<p>A populated area on the outskirts of a city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the urbanization rate?

<p>The percentage of a nations population living in towns and cities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suburbanization?

<p>The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sprawl?

<p>The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are automobile cities?

<p>Cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to decentralize?

<p>In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an edge city?

<p>A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a boomburb (also called boomburg)?

<p>A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is infill development?

<p>The building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a world city?

<p>A city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gated community?

<p>Privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an urban hierarchy?

<p>A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank-size rule?

<p>The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primate city?

<p>A city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is central place theory?

<p>A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central place?

<p>A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is threshold?

<p>In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gravity model?

<p>The idea that the closer two places are the more they will influence each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concentric zone model?

<p>A model of city's internal organization developed by E. W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hoyt model or sector model?

<p>A model of a city's internal organization developed by Homer Hoyt that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of city's layout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the multiple nuclei model?

<p>A model of the internal organization developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman showing residential districts organized around serval nodes(nuclei) rather than one central business district.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)?

<p>A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Griffin-Ford Model?

<p>A model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gentrification?

<p>The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is perceived density?

<p>The general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are zoning regulations?

<p>Laws that dictate how land can be used.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fiscal squeeze?

<p>Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the built environment?

<p>The human made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is smart growth?

<p>Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compact design?

<p>Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are diverse housing options?

<p>Policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List smart growth goals.

<p>Mixed land use, compact design, infill development, walkable neighborhoods, variety of transportation choice, range of housing opportunities and choices, preservation of natural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is new urbanism?

<p>An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List New Urbanism Characteristics.

<p>Walkability, connectivity, mixed use and diversity, diverse housing options, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, smart transportation, sustainability, quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a greenbelt?

<p>A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are slow-growth cities?

<p>A city that changed its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spread horizontally with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the concerns of effects of smart growth, new urbanism and greenbelts?

<p>-property values will decrease -the amt of affordable housing will decrease -property owners will face restrictions on the use of their land -existing communities will be disrupted -new development will cause segregation -structured and place of historical importance will be destroyed or severely impacted -sprawl will increase rather than decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are anti-displacement tenant activists?

<p>Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is de facto segregation?

<p>Racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mortgage?

<p>A loan that is taken out to purchase a home.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is redlining?

<p>The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Blockbusting?

<p>A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is white flight?

<p>The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is affordability?

<p>The maximum price that buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Housing Choice Voucher Program?

<p>A federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is violent crime?

<p>A category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are social controls?

<p>Formal or informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in a place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is environmental injustice?

<p>Occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is environmental racism?

<p>Occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Squatter Settlement?

<p>An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is land tenure?

<p>The right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inclusionary zoning (IZ)?

<p>Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Exclusionary Zoning?

<p>Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are NIMBYs?

<p>Abbreviation for &quot;not in my backyard&quot;; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is below market rate housing?

<p>Housing that costs much less than the going rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is urban renewal?

<p>Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fiscal imbalance?

<p>Occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fiscal zoning?

<p>The practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecological footprint?

<p>The total amount of natural resorts used and their impact on the natural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an urban heat island?

<p>A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an urban footprint?

<p>The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is urban risk divide?

<p>The idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are brownfields?

<p>Properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Brownfields Remediation?

<p>The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Phytoremediation?

<p>The removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is farmland protection policy act (FPPA)?

<p>U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scattered developments?

<p>Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by agricultural surplus?

<p>Crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the farmer and his or her family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does socioeconomic stratification refer to?

<p>The structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'first urban revolution'.

<p>The agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of the earliest cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'situation'.

<p>The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features or its regional position with reference to other places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'Second Urban Revolution'.

<p>The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'urban area'.

<p>Any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Micropolitan Statistical Area.

<p>In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'sprawl'.

<p>The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to decentralize in an urban context?

<p>In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define boomburb (also called boomburg).

<p>A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'central place'.

<p>A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a threshold in central place theory?

<p>In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is range in central place theory?

<p>In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Hoyt model or sector model.

<p>A model of a city's internal organization developed by Homer Hoyt that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of city's layout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model).

<p>A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'perceived density'.

<p>The general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'compact design'.

<p>Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name some smart growth goals.

<p>Mixed land use, compact design, infill development, walkable neighborhoods, variety of transportation choice, range of housing opportunities and choices, preservation of natural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some New Urbanism Characteristics?

<p>Walkability, connectivity, mixed use and diversity, diverse housing options, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, smart transportation, sustainability, quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List some concerns of effects of smart growth, new urbanism and greenbelts

<p>-property values will decrease -the amt of affordable housing will decrease -property owners will face restrictions on the use of their land -existing communities will be disrupted -new development will cause segregation -structured and place of historical importance will be destroyed or severely impacted -sprawl will increase rather than decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain 'redlining'.

<p>The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'urban footprint'.

<p>The spatial extent of an urban area's impacts on the natural environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are smart growth goals?

<p>Mixed land use, compact design, infill development, walkable neighborhoods, variety of transportation choice, range of housing opportunities and choices, preservation of natural environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

City

A relatively large, densely populated settlement serving as a commercial, governmental, and cultural hub.

Urban

Relating to a city.

Agricultural Surplus

Crop yields that can feed more people than just the farmer's family.

Socioeconomic Stratification

Structuring society into distinct socioeconomic classes, with leadership controlling goods and people.

Signup and view all the flashcards

First Urban Revolution

Agricultural and socioeconomic innovations leading to the rise of the earliest cities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban Hearth Areas

Regions where the world's first cities evolved.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Site

The absolute location of a place on Earth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Situation

The relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features or its regional position.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Capitalism

An economic and political system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Communism

An economic and political system where all property is publicly owned and managed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Streetcar Suburb

A settlement outside a city with streetcar lines for easy access to the city.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Second Urban Revolution

Industrial innovations leading to increased urban growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Redevelopment

Activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metropolis

A very large and densely populated city.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban Area

Any self-governing place in the United States with at least 2,500 people.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urbanized Area

An urban area with 50,000 people or more (in the U.S.).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban Cluster

An urban area with fewer than 50,000 inhabitants(in the USA).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metropolitan Statistical Area

A region with at least one urbanized area as its core (in the U.S.).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Micropolitan Statistical Area

A region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores (in the U.S.).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suburb

A populated area on the outskirts of a city.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urbanization Rate

The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suburbanization

The movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sprawl

Cities growing outward in an unchecked manner.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Automobile Cities

Cities whose size/shape are dictated by automobile ownership.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decentralize

To move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Edge City

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment in the suburbs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Boomburb

A large suburb with its own government and more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Infill Development

Building new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exurb

A semirural district located beyond the suburbs, often inhabited by well-to-do families.

Signup and view all the flashcards

World City

A city that is a control center of the global economy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gated Community

Privately governed and highly secure residential area within a city.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban System

A set of independent cities or urban places connected by networks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rank-Size Rule

The population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primate City

A city that is much larger than any other city in the country.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Place Theory

A model that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Central Place

A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Threshold

In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Range

In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gravity Model

The closer two places are, the more they influence each other.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concentric Zone Model

A model of a city's internal organization with residential zones radiating outward from a central business district.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hoyt Model (Sector Model)

Focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of a city's layout.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model showing residential districts organized around several nodes rather than one central business district.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Galactic City Model

A model which the central business district remains central, but multiple areas are scattered in the suburbs and linked by expressway systems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gentrification

The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perceived Density

The general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Zoning Regulations

Laws that dictate how land can be used.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fiscal Squeeze

Occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Built Environment

The human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • A city is a sizable, densely populated settlement, exceeding rural towns/villages in population and acting as a commercial, governmental, and cultural center for its region.
  • Urban areas relate to cities.
  • Agricultural surplus refers to crop yields that surpass the needs of the farmer and their family, sustaining additional people.
  • Socioeconomic stratification is the structuring of society into socioeconomic classes, with leadership controlling resources.
  • The first urban revolution encompasses agricultural and socioeconomic advances that facilitated the emergence of the earliest cities.
  • Urban hearth areas are regions where the world's first cities developed.
  • Site refers to the absolute location of a place on Earth.
  • Situation is the relative location of a place in reference to surrounding features/regional position.
  • Capitalism is an economic/political system where private owners control trade/industry for profit, not the state.
  • Communism is an economic/political system with public ownership and management of all property.
  • A streetcar suburb is a settlement outside a city connected by streetcar lines for easy city access.
  • The second urban revolution includes industrial innovations in mining/manufacturing that spurred urban growth.
  • Redevelopment involves revitalizing an area facing economic decline.
  • A metropolis is a large, densely populated city, often a capital or major city.
  • An urban area in the U.S. is any self-governing place with at least 2,500 residents.
  • An urbanized area in the U.S. has a population of 50,000 or more.
  • An urban cluster in the U.S. has fewer than 50,000 residents.
  • A metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. has at least one urbanized area as its core.
  • A micropolitan statistical area in the U.S. has one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores.
  • A suburb is a populated area on the outskirts of a city.
  • Urbanization rate is the percentage of a nation's population residing in towns/cities.
  • Suburbanization is the movement of people from urban cores to city outskirts.
  • Sprawl is the unchecked outward growth of cities.
  • Automobile cities depend on individual car ownership for their size and shape.
  • Decentralization, in an urban context, is moving business operations from core areas to suburbs.
  • An edge city is a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment in the suburbs, away from the traditional downtown.
  • A boomburb has over 100,000 residents and is not a core city but a large suburb with its own government.
  • Infill development is building new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant land in developed areas.
  • An exurb is a semirural district beyond the suburbs, often inhabited by affluent families.
  • A world city is a global economic control center where major commercial/financial decisions are made.
  • A gated community is a highly secure, privately governed residential area within a city, typically enclosed.
  • An urban system is a network of independent cities/urban places connected.
  • The urban hierarchy ranks cities, with the largest and most influential at the top.
  • The rank-size rule states a settlement's population is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.
  • A primate city is much larger than any other city in its country, dominating economic, political, and cultural life.
  • Central place theory, by Walter Christaller, explains the location of cities.
  • A central place is a settlement providing specific products/services to consumers.
  • Threshold, in central place theory, is the number of people needed to support businesses.
  • Range, in central place theory, is the distance people will travel to acquire a good.
  • The gravity model suggests closer places have more influence on each other.
  • The concentric zone model, by E.W. Burgess, arranges residential zones in rings around a central business district.
  • The Hoyt model, or sector model, focuses on transportation/communication as drivers of a city's layout.
  • The multiple nuclei model, by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, shows residential districts around multiple nodes.
  • The Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model) has a central business district with scattered shopping, office, and industrial areas.
  • The Griffin-Ford Model represents the internal structure of a Latin American city.
  • Gentrification is the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents in improving areas.
  • Perceived density is the general impression of the number of people in an area.
  • Zoning regulations are laws governing land use.
  • Fiscal squeeze occurs when city revenues can't meet demands for services and infrastructure maintenance.
  • The built environment is human-made spaces for daily life, work, and leisure.
  • Smart growth policies combat sprawl by addressing population density and transportation.
  • Compact design is development that grows vertically rather than horizontally.
  • Diverse housing options include quality housing for various life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood.
  • Smart growth goals include mixed land use, compact design, infill development, and walkable neighborhoods.
  • New urbanism promotes dense settlements, attractive architecture, and mixed housing near shopping, jobs, and transport.
  • New Urbanism Characteristics include walkability, connectivity, mixed-use development, and diverse housing.
  • A greenbelt is a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas.
  • Zoning classifies land based on restrictions on its use and development.
  • Slow-growth cities have changed zoning laws to curb horizontal expansion and avoid sprawl's negative effects.
  • Concerns of smart growth effects include decreased property values, affordable housing shortages, and restrictions on land use.
  • Anti-displacement tenant activists advocate for low-income residents at risk of losing affordable housing.
  • De facto segregation is racial segregation not legally enforced but still evident.
  • A mortgage is a loan to purchase a home.
  • Redlining is identifying high-risk neighborhoods and denying loans for property purchases there.
  • Blockbusting involves persuading white homeowners to sell by suggesting neighborhood decline due to minority influx.
  • White flight is the mass movement of white people from cities to suburbs.
  • Affordability is the maximum price a buyer can pay for housing.
  • The Housing Choice Voucher Program aids low-income families, elderly, and disabled with affordable housing.
  • Violent crime includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
  • Social controls are formal/informal institutions maintaining law and order in a place.
  • Environmental injustice occurs when certain groups bear a larger share of environmental risks.
  • Environmental racism targets low-income people of color for environmental contamination.
  • Environmental justice is the movement to correct environmental discrimination.
  • A squatter settlement is an area of degraded, temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing.
  • Land tenure is the right to own/hold property, defining how property rights are managed.
  • Inclusionary zoning requires a percentage of new construction to be affordable for low/moderate-income people.
  • Exclusionary zoning aims to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood
  • NIMBYs ("not in my backyard") oppose affordable housing and other developments in their neighborhoods.
  • Below market rate housing costs less than the going rate.
  • Urban renewal is large-scale redevelopment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods.
  • Fiscal imbalance occurs when a government spends more than it receives in taxes.
  • Fiscal zoning uses land-use regulation to preserve/enhance the local property tax base.
  • Ecological footprint is the total natural resources used and their environmental impact.
  • An urban heat island is a mass of warm air over cities, generated by urban materials/activities.
  • Urban footprint is the spatial extent of an urban area's environmental impacts.
  • The urban risk divide suggests disasters disproportionately affect urban areas due to population concentration.
  • Brownfields are properties with potential hazardous substances complicating use or development.
  • Brownfields Remediation removes contaminants, allowing safe site reuse.
  • Phytoremediation uses plants to remove contaminants from soil.
  • The Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA) grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland.
  • Scattered developments are subdivisions not bordering existing settlements, removing agricultural land from production.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

More Like This

Urban Geography and Planning
10 questions

Urban Geography and Planning

BrainySatyr9496 avatar
BrainySatyr9496
Urban Geography Quiz
5 questions

Urban Geography Quiz

BrainySatyr9496 avatar
BrainySatyr9496
Developed vs. Developing and Urban Geography
40 questions

Developed vs. Developing and Urban Geography

TopQualityStream7518 avatar
TopQualityStream7518
Introduction to Urban Geography
10 questions

Introduction to Urban Geography

StunnedIron7951 avatar
StunnedIron7951
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser