3. Urban & Regional Planning
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Questions and Answers

Which key feature characterized medieval cities?

  • Wide, paved streets
  • Geometric star-shaped layouts
  • Fortified high walls (correct)
  • Open squares promoting trade

    • What was a significant outcome of mercantilism in medieval cities?

  • Decline in world trade
  • Increase in green spaces
  • Improvement in public health standards
  • Congestion and development of slums (correct)

    • Which Renaissance city was noted for its advancement in arts and culture?

  • Constantinople
  • Teotihuacan
  • Florence (correct)
  • Sienna

    • What architectural approach characterized Baroque cities?

    <p>Monumentalism and grandeur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a unique aspect of the planning of Brasilia?

    <p>Shape resembling an airplane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architect created the master plan for Chandigarh?

    <p>Albert Mayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement inspired the design of Canberra?

    <p>Garden city movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Multi-Nodal Urban Form?

    <p>A strong urban core with secondary centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following projects is associated with Kiyonori Kikutake?

    <p>Marine City</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urban form is characterized by development along a grid system?

    <p>Linear Urban Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Arcology alternative propose?

    <p>Integration of living, working, and recreational spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urban form primarily utilizes radial and circumferential roads to facilitate outward expansion from the city core?

    <p>Radial and Circumferential form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the Grid Form in urban development?

    <p>Composed of rectangular blocks with intersecting streets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which urban form does development occur in a continuous body radiating outward from a central point?

    <p>Concentric Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urban form is influenced by natural geography and typically features a transportation spine?

    <p>Linear Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the Ring Form in urban development?

    <p>A city built around an open space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urban form typically features two main corridors of intense development intersecting at the center?

    <p>Rectilinear Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urban growth pattern is characterized by a linear span with connecting arms?

    <p>Branch Form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of urban design as described?

    <p>To make places responsive to user needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ease of movement within an urban area?

    <p>Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to a decline in public permeability in urban design?

    <p>Larger block sizes and segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a successful movement system?

    <p>Maximizes choices for journeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urban area has multiple central clusters and several sub-clusters?

    <p>Articulated Sheet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT emphasized in good urban design principles?

    <p>Increasing segregation of areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What urban design quality is created through effective movement systems?

    <p>Increased public permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes a 'Constellation' in urban areas?

    <p>Multiple equal-sized cities in proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of using large blocks in urban design?

    <p>Decreased physical and visual permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of mixed-use development in higher densities?

    <p>There are more people to support the variety of activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the variety of uses in a well-designed site?

    <p>Availability of parking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of connected streets in perimeter block development?

    <p>To enhance safety and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the variety of experience in urban planning?

    <p>It implies a diversity of forms, uses, and meanings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'possibility of supply' refer to in the context of variety of uses?

    <p>The extent to which design promotes interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is public transport viewed in relation to urban development?

    <p>As an integral part of the street system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a building's public face in perimeter block development?

    <p>It functions as the main entrance area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In urban planning, why is it essential to minimize walking distances to local facilities?

    <p>To promote walking, cycling, and public transport use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does variety in a well-designed site help provide to users?

    <p>A choice of experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of urban planning is often overlooked by developers and planners?

    <p>Variety in experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes landmarks in urban legibility?

    <p>They are points of reference with individual and local character.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of urban legibility is defined as a center of activity?

    <p>Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic elements used to construct a mental image of a city?

    <p>Structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Robustness in urban development refers to what quality?

    <p>The adaptability for various uses by different people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'edges' in the context of urban legibility?

    <p>Linear elements that terminate a district.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of districts within a city?

    <p>They are composed of identifiable neighborhoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is considered a channel of movement in urban legibility?

    <p>Street</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large-scale robustness is primarily concerned with what aspect of urban development?

    <p>The ability of entire buildings or large parts to change use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    River Valley

    • Anyang was the location of the ancient city of Yin, the first stable capital of the Shang dynasty in China.

    Urban Beginnings

    • Sparta and Athens were the largest cities in ancient Greece.
    • By 400 B.C., Athens had grown to encompass 40,000 citizens and 100,000 slaves/foreigners.
    • Rome surpassed Athens as the center of the Western World from 27 B.C. to 324 A.D.
    • Teotihuacan and Dzibilchatun were major cities in Mesoamerica.

    Medieval Cities

    • Medieval cities were fortified with high walls for protection.
    • Narrow, unpaved streets were common inside the walls.
    • Sienna and Constantinople marked the rise of the Church.

    Medieval Mercantilist Cities

    • World trade fostered urban growth, leading to major population concentrations in cities like Florence, Paris, and Venice.
    • Mercantilism, prioritizing exports over imports, often led to congestion and slums in these cities.

    Medieval Cathedral Cities

    • Cathedral cities tended to have focal radial growth.
    • They often maintained walled city structures from Roman traditions.
    • Limited resources, epidemics, and poor sanitation affected city growth and health.

    Renaissance Cities

    • Renaissance cities introduced urban design principles, where arts and architecture played a role in city planning.
    • While basic city forms and patterns remained relatively unchanged, there was more emphasis on city beauty.
    • Formal piazzas or squares gained prominence, thanks to designers like Michelangelo and Bernini.
    • Vienna developed as a center of culture, academics and arts.
    • The idea of "university towns" promoting academic exchange and culture was proposed.
    • Geometric cities like star-shaped fortresses were proposed, designed to enable quick and efficient movement through the streets.

    Baroque

    • Baroque cities featured monumental architecture and the grandeur of the reigning monarchs.
    • Large open spaces like boulevards were key features in Baroque cities.
    • These designs were particularly noticeable in France.
    • Versailles exemplifies the era's focus on opulent palaces and extensive landscaped gardens.

    Industrial Cities

    • The invention of the steam engine in 1769 ushered in the Industrial Revolution.
    • Human labor was supplemented or replaced by machinery, ushering in the "Machine Age."
    • Industrial cities like Manchester saw rapid growth due to significant textile production.
    • Robert Owens designed the New Lanark Mills in Manchester, showcasing a focus on workers' welfare and recreational facilities.
    • Dutch Architect JJP Oud adopted the ideas of Tony Garnier on industrial city designs.

    Planned Cities

    • William Penn designed Philadelphia using a grid pattern.
    • Constantine Doxiadis designed Islamabad, separating cars and pedestrians, prioritizing affordable public transport and gradual, human-scale growth.
    • Lucio Costa designed Brasilia, shaping the city like an airplane or using the sign of the cross to group government, community spaces and residential areas.

    Urban Forms

    • The only realized plan of Le Corbusier's was Chandigarh.
    • The master plan was created by Albert Mayer.
    • The whole plan is a large-scale application of the Radburn principle.
    • Le Corbusier liked rectilinear and monumental designs.
    • Canberra is the new capital of Australia.
    • It was designed by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin.
    • The city's design was inspired by the garden city movement.
    • It features geometric motifs like circles, hexagons, and triangles aligned with topographical landmarks.
    • The Arcology Alternative, by Paolo Soleri, proposes 30 potential arcologies, each comprising living, working, and recreational spaces, markets, neighborhoods, cultural centers, religious areas, and industry zones.
    • Motopia, by Edgar Chambless, proposes a linear city built on top of a railway line.
    • The "metabolism group" proposed Science Cities such as underwater cities, biological cities, and cities in pyramids.
    • Kiyonori Kikutake's project for a floating metropolis "Sea City Unabara" is a new radical idea for creating a floating, self-sustaining, flexible, clean, and safe city resistant to earthquakes and flooding.

    Basic Urban Form Concepts

    • Urban form refers to the physical layout and design of a metropolitan area, city, or town.

    Trend Extension

    • This urban form resembles Kevin Lynch's Dispersed Sheet form.
    • It is described as having maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence, and high local participation.
    • Development spreads evenly across a wide continuous tract.
    • It's easily accessible to open land with transport designed as a continuous grid.

    Urban Forms

    • Linear Urban Form (aka Ribbon or Strip Development): Concentrated development along transportation routes like roads or rivers; often laid out on a grid system.
    • Urban Star: Characterized by a strong urban core with secondary centers distributed along radial roads. A very strong visual image.
    • Multi-Nodal Urban Form (aka Lynch's Galaxy): Focuses on clusters of development with specialized centers; major centers provide services to nodes (areas of influence), supporting the major center's captive market.

    Centric and Nodal Form

    • A number of additional mixed-use growth areas are developed outside the Poblacion area.
    • Another type of development is Radial and Circumferential. Development channels emanate from a central point with radial and circumferential road systems. Activities are interconnected.

    Radial and Circumferential Form

    • This form is an outward expansion of urban development, starting from the city center/core, induced by radial and circumferential roads.
    • The pattern resembles the Core City of Kevin Lynch. Development is concentrated in a continuous body originating from the center or core.
    • This form aims to maximize land use in the Poblacion or city center, directing development outward to surrounding areas.

    Grid Form

    • This system is composed of rectangular blocks defined by parallel and intersecting streets.
    • This layout offers accessibility of plots and/or simplicity of plots.

    Concentric Form

    • This form shows an outward expansion of urban development from the city center induced by the construction of new circumferential and radial roads.
    • This pattern closely resembles the Core City of Kevin Lynch, concentrating development into one continuous body emanating from the center/core.

    Ring Form

    • A city built around an open space.

    Rectilinear Form

    • Usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center, common in smaller cities.

    Linear Form

    • Often the result of natural topography, restricting growth. May also serve as a transportation spine.

    Branch Form

    • A linear span with connecting arms.

    Urban Patterns/Shapes

    • Analysis of physical form considers street patterns, plot patterns, and building patterns.
    • These can be collectively referred to as "urban grain".

    Oxford's Westgate Shopping Centre

    • The image shows two different layouts of a shopping centre, labeled "as it is", and "as it could be".
    • Visual representation of possible routes and paths connecting various blocks and entries are indicated.

    Urban Design Principles

    • Good urban design qualities are created through urban design principles.
    • (by Ian Bentley) - Urban design is about making places responsive to the needs of their users. This ideally includes a democratic setting and maximizes choices for the people who use it.
    • Permeability: Easy movement within an area. A characteristic of a place is how easily it can be accessed and traversed, and structures should accommodate physical connections with surrounding areas. Physical and visual permeability decreases with larger blocks.

    Movement System

    • A successful movement system maximizes choice of people's journeys.
    • It considers all forms of transport (foot, cycle, public transport, car).

    Conclusion

    • There is a decline in public permeability due to current design trends such as scale of development, hierarchical layout and segregation.
    • Well-designed movement systems can contribute to the development of smaller blocks.

    Types of Urban Areas

    • Sheet: A large urban area with little to no articulation.
    • Articulated Sheet: A sheet with one or more central clusters and several sub-clusters.
    • Constellation: A series of nearly equal-sized cities in close proximity.
    • Satellite: A constellation of cities surrounding a central cluster.

    Variety

    • Variety (diversity "the spice of life"): A successful place also offers a mix of activities to the widest range of possible users.
    • Variety/Mixed Use may be appropriate at different scales: village, town or city; within a neighbourhood or a street; or in a single structure.
    • Mixed use development works well in higher densities because there are more people to support the variety of activities.
    • Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings. Developers and planners are more concerned with economic performance and easier management, than with variety. Variety offers users a choice of experiences.
    • Variety of uses depends on three main factors:
      • Range of activities
      • Possibility of supply: extent to which design encourages positive interactions
      • Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, political, and functional.

    A well-designed site

    • A well-designed site has a network of connected spaces and routes for pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles.
    • It should encourage walking, cycling and using public transport as an attractive alternative to travelling by car. (Public transport-should-be-an-integral part of the street system.)
    • It should minimize walking distances to local facilities.

    Perimeter blocks

    • Connected streets form plots of land designated for building and other uses.
    • A building usually has two faces: the public face is the front of the building which usually faces the street, and is where the entrances are; the private face is usually the back of the building which faces the inside of the block.
    • Where this layout exists, it is known as perimeter block development, and its benefit is that the building's public face overlooks the street, making it more safe and secure.

    Legibility

    • Legibility: (where I am?How do I get there?) A successful and legible development is a place that has a clear image and is easy to understand.
    • Kevin Lynch: A well-respected and often-quoted American planner, identified five features which create this kind of place in his book "Image of the City".
    • Five Components of Urban Legibility: These five components are the key to imageability. A collective image – map or impressions – of a city, a collective picture of what people extract from the physical reality of a city.
    • Five Basic Elements: There are five basic elements which people use to construct their mental image of a city:
      • Paths
      • Nodes
      • Landmarks
      • Districts
      • Edges

    Landmarks

    • Points of reference which most people experience from the outside; individual and local character; the prominent visual features of the city.
    • Can be isolated or in groups.

    Nodes

    • A center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its active function; it is a distinct hub of activity.
    • Considered focal places such as junctions of paths and roads from roundabouts to market squares.

    Districts

    • A city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts; a medium to large section of the city recognisable as having some particular identifying character.

    Paths

    • The channels of movement: alleys; streets; motorways; railways; has structural and organising qualities and directional quality.

    Edges

    • Linear elements which are not paths (rivers, elevated motorways, walls of buildings); the termination of a district is its edge.

    Robustness

    • Robustness: A desirable quality of a development is if it can be used for many different purposes by different people, and can change and adapt for different uses.
    • Importance of Robustness: Robustness is important to outdoors as well as indoors, but design implications for buildings differ from those for outdoor places.
    • Large-scale Robustness: Large-scale robustness concerns the ability of the buildings as a whole or large parts of them to be changed in use.

    Small-scale robustness

    • Small-scale robustness: concerns the ability of specific spaces within the building to change to accommodate a wide range of activities.
    • The design of small-scale robustness depends on extra factors:
      • Hard and soft spaces.
      • Active and passive spaces.
    • Active and Passive Areas: some activities within a building may benefit from being able to extend outward into the adjacent outdoor space. Other indoor activities may contribute by visual contact. These are active areas.
    • The design implication of this is that the ground floor of buildings should be occupied by active areas.

    Richness

    • Richness: the variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy.
    • There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences:
      • Focusing their attention on different sources of sense experience.
      • Moving away from one source to another.
    • The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts.

    Visual Appropriateness

    • Visual Appropriateness: focuses on details.
    • A vocabulary of visual cues must be found to communicate levels of choice.
    • Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by:
      • Supporting the place's legibility.
      • Supporting the place's variety.
      • Supporting the place's robustness.

    Personalisation

    • Personalisation: allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values; makes a person's pattern of activities more clear.
    • Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes and values and because they perceive existing image as inappropriate.
    • Personalization is affected by three key factors:
      • Tenure
      • Building type
      • Technology

    Principles of Urban Design

    • Key Principles:
      1. Permeability: Designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks.
      2. Variety: Locating uses on the site.
      3. Legibility: Designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public space.
      4. Robustness: Designing the spatial arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces.
      5. Visual Appropriateness: Designing the external image.
      6. Richness: Developing the design for sensory choice.
      7. Personalization: Making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live and work.

    Urban Design

    • Definitions:
      • Urban Design: A branch of planning focused on the functional and visual relationships between people and their built environment, aiming for improved relationships. It involves shaping the form, structure, and character of urban spaces.
      • Elements of Urban Design: Includes buildings, places, spaces, and networks within cities, and how these are used by people. (Urban Design Protocol).
      • Process: Forming groups of buildings, neighborhoods, and the entire city, to create a coherent structure.
      • Organizing Framework: A structured network within the city, formed by streets, squares, and blocks.
      • Interconnectedness/Connections: Emphasizes making connections between people, movement, nature and urban fabric.
      • Goals of Urban Design: Combining aspects of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic viability to create places with distinct beauty and identity.

    City vs. Urban

    • City (as defined by RA 7160):

      • Minimum income of P20M.
      • Minimum land area of 10,000 hectares or population of 150,000.
      • This is a governmental classification.

    • Different Categories of Cities:

      • Highly Urbanized City: Population exceeding 200,000 people.
      • Component City: lower populations and incomes (than highly urbanized cities).
      • Independent Component City: Chartered cities, but below the population and income thresholds of a city, but are independent from provinces.

    • Urban Area (as defined by NSO):

      • Cities and municipalities with at least 1000 persons per square kilometer.
      • Central districts of municipalities, with at least 500 persons per square kilometer, (regardless of size, with a street network or pattern).
      • Includes establishments such as town halls, churches, public plazas, parks, and cemeteries.

    Evolution of Cities

    • Proto-Cities:

      • Neolithic settlements in Western Asia: Early examples include:
        • Jericho (Israel - 9000 BC),
        • Ayn Ghazal (Jordan),
        • Catal Huyuk (Southern Anatolia, Turkey),
        • Khirokitia (Cyprus - 5500 BC).

    • True Cities (around 3,500 BC):

      • Cities in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys.
      • Early Examples:
        • Eridu (considered the oldest city),
        • Damascus,
        • Babylon,
        • Thebes,
        • Memphis (Nile Valley areas),
        • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Indus Valley).

    • Further details about the cities are included in the text.

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