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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the axio-appendicular muscles?
What is the function of the axio-appendicular muscles?
Which regions comprise the arm?
Which regions comprise the arm?
Which segment of the upper limb is distal to the forearm?
Which segment of the upper limb is distal to the forearm?
What structures are included in the hand?
What structures are included in the hand?
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What defines the forearm?
What defines the forearm?
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Which muscles connect the scapula to the humerus?
Which muscles connect the scapula to the humerus?
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What are the two large groups of axio-appendicular muscles?
What are the two large groups of axio-appendicular muscles?
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What sensory functions does the hand possess?
What sensory functions does the hand possess?
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What are the two proximal attachments of the pectoralis major muscle called?
What are the two proximal attachments of the pectoralis major muscle called?
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Which nerve innervates the pectoralis minor muscle?
Which nerve innervates the pectoralis minor muscle?
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What action does the pectoralis major produce when both its heads contract simultaneously?
What action does the pectoralis major produce when both its heads contract simultaneously?
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Where does the pectoralis minor muscle attach distally?
Where does the pectoralis minor muscle attach distally?
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Which artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia?
Which artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia?
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What does the contraction of the clavicular head of the pectoralis major cause?
What does the contraction of the clavicular head of the pectoralis major cause?
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What is the primary function of the pectoralis minor muscle?
What is the primary function of the pectoralis minor muscle?
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Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the clavipectoral fascia?
Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the clavipectoral fascia?
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What is the primary role of the subclavius muscle during shoulder stabilization?
What is the primary role of the subclavius muscle during shoulder stabilization?
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Which nerve is responsible for innervating the serratus anterior muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the serratus anterior muscle?
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What anatomical position allows for the best visibility of the subclavius muscle?
What anatomical position allows for the best visibility of the subclavius muscle?
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What is another name for the serratus anterior due to its functional role?
What is another name for the serratus anterior due to its functional role?
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How does the serratus anterior contribute to scapula movement?
How does the serratus anterior contribute to scapula movement?
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Which part of the body does the subclavius muscle attach distally?
Which part of the body does the subclavius muscle attach distally?
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What action does the serratus anterior facilitate when reaching for something anteriorly?
What action does the serratus anterior facilitate when reaching for something anteriorly?
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What specific muscles are involved in deep inhalation?
What specific muscles are involved in deep inhalation?
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Study Notes
Upper Limb Segments
- Upper limb consists of four major segments: shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand.
- Shoulder is the proximal segment overlapping parts of the trunk, including the pectoral, scapular, and deltoid regions.
- Arm (brachium) connects shoulder and elbow, encompassing anterior and posterior regions with the humerus at the center.
- Forearm (antebrachium) connects elbow and wrist, includes regions overlying radius and ulna.
- Hand (manus) is distal to the forearm and consists of the carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges, serving as a tactile organ.
Pectoral Region Musculature
- Muscles of the pectoral region are categorized as axio-appendicular and scapulohumeral, linking axial and appendicular skeletons.
- Anterior axio-appendicular muscles include pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior.
Pectoralis Major
- Flat, fan-shaped muscle covering the upper half of the thorax.
- Has two proximal attachments: clavicular head (medial half of clavicle) and sternocostal head (anterior surface of sternum and superior six costal cartilages).
- Distally attaches to the lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Innervated by lateral and medial pectoral nerves.
- Contraction produces adduction and medial rotation of the arm; clavicular head facilitates flexion, sternocostal head aids in extension.
Clavipectoral Fascia
- Strong fascial sheet located deep to the clavicular head of pectoralis major, filling the space between clavicle and pectoralis minor.
- Structures that pierce it include lateral pectoral nerve, thoraco-acromial artery, cephalic vein, and lymphatics from the breast.
Pectoralis Minor
- Triangular muscle located deep to pectoralis major in the anterior axillary wall.
- Base attaches to the anterior surfaces of the third to fifth ribs at their costal cartilages.
- Apex converges into a tendon that attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula.
- Innervated by the medial pectoral nerve.
- Contracts to pull the coracoid process downward and anteriorly, assisting in scapula stability and elevation of ribs during deep inhalation.
Subclavius
- Small, horizontal muscle positioned inferior to the clavicle and superior to the first rib.
- Proximally attaches to the first rib and its costal cartilage, distally to the inferior surface of the clavicle.
- Innervated by the nerve to subclavius from anterior rami of C5 and C6.
- Stabilizes the shoulder by anchoring and depressing the clavicle, aiding in stabilizing the acromioclavicular joint.
Serratus Anterior
- Forms the medial wall of the axilla, located over the lateral thorax; fibers give it a saw-like appearance.
- Originates from the external surfaces of the lateral parts of the upper eight ribs, inserting along the medial border and inferior angle of the scapula.
- Innervated by the long thoracic nerve from anterior rami of C5, C6, and C7.
- Contraction protracts the scapula, enabling reaching and punching motions; also anchors the scapula and assists in upward rotation during arm abduction above the head.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the upper limb, including its four major segments and associated regions. This quiz will cover the shoulder, pectoral, scapular, and deltoid areas. Engage with specific anatomical details and relationships.
