Upper Limb Anatomy and Function

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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the arm, wrist, and hand?

Actuates upper body movement and function, transfers force and power from the upper torso, and supports dexterous movement for the upper limbs.

Which of the following bones are found in the upper limb?

  • Ulna (correct)
  • Humerus (correct)
  • Radius (correct)
  • Femur
  • Tibia

Which of the following joints are found in the arm?

  • Distal radioulnar joint (correct)
  • Elbow joint (correct)
  • Humeroulnar joint (correct)
  • Proximal radioulnar joint (correct)
  • Radiohumeral joint (correct)

The elbow joint is a true hinge joint.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The radioulnar joints are ball-and-socket joints.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which joints do pronation and supination occur?

<p>Radioulnar joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments are found in the elbow joint?

<p>Biceps tendon (A), Radial collateral ligament (B), Annular ligament (C), Triceps tendon (D), Ulnar collateral ligament (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are there in the hand?

<p>28 to 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are there in each finger?

<p>3 in each finger, except for the thumb which has 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many metacarpals are there?

<p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are carpals?

<p>Scaphoid (A), Lunate (B), Trapezoid (C), Trapezium (D), Hammate (E), Pisiform (F), Capitate (G), Triquetrum (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of movements at the elbow?

<p>Extension (B), Flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are types of movements at the forearm?

<p>Pronation (A), Supination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of muscles cause flexion at the elbow?

<p>Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles cause flexion at the elbow?

<p>Biceps brachii (B), Brachioradialis (C), Brachialis (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles cause pronation?

<p>Pronator quadratus (A), Brachioradialis (B), Pronator teres (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The biceps brachii is the strongest of the bicep muscles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the brachioradialis the predominant supinator?

<p>Due to its origin and insertion, it wraps around the arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tennis elbow?

<p>Inflammation of the condyle due to overtraining of the wrist extensors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Function of Arm, Wrist, and Hand

The arm, wrist, and hand work together to move the upper body, transfer force from the torso, and allow for precise hand movements.

Bones of the Upper Limb

The bones of the upper limb are the humerus (upper arm), radius (thumb side), and ulna (pinky side).

Joints of the Arm

The joints in the arm include the elbow joint, radiohumeral joint, humeroulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint, and proximal radioulnar joint.

Elbow Joint Type

The elbow joint is a true hinge joint, meaning it allows for movement in one plane (flexion and extension).

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Radioulnar Joint Type

The radioulnar joints (proximal and distal) are pivot joints, allowing the radius and ulna to rotate around each other.

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Pronation and Supination

Pronation and supination, the movements of turning your palm down and up respectively, occur at the radioulnar joints.

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Elbow Joint Ligaments

The ligaments that support the elbow joint include the annular ligament, radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament, biceps tendon, and triceps tendon.

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Number of Hand Bones

The human hand contains 28 to 30 bones.

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Phalanges in Fingers

Each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges (bones). The thumb has two phalanges.

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Metacarpals

There are five metacarpals, one for each finger, located in the palm.

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Carpals

The hand has eight carpals, small bones located in the wrist.

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Carpal Bone Names

The eight carpals of the hand are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium.

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Elbow Joint Movements

The elbow joint allows for flexion (bending) and extension (straightening).

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Forearm Movements

The forearm allows for supination (palm up) and pronation (palm down) due to the rotation of the radius and ulna.

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Flexion Muscles

The muscles located on the front (anterior) side of the arm cause flexion (bending) at the elbow joint.

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Extension Muscles

The muscles located on the back (posterior) side of the arm cause extension (straightening) at the elbow joint.

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Flexor Muscles

The muscles that cause flexion at the elbow include the biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis.

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Extensor Muscles

The muscles that cause extension at the elbow include the triceps brachii and anconeus.

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Pronation Muscles

The pronation muscles, which rotate the forearm to turn the palm down, include the pronator quadratus, pronator teres, and brachioradialis (from supination to neutral).

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Supination Muscles

The supination muscles, which rotate the forearm to turn the palm up, include the supinator, brachioradialis (from pronation to neutral), and biceps brachii (from pronation to neutral).

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Strongest Bicep Muscle

The biceps brachii is the strongest muscle in the biceps group, due to its larger size and leverage.

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Predominant Supinator

The brachioradialis is the predominant supinator because its origin and insertion wrap around the arm, allowing for efficient rotation.

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Tennis Elbow

Tennis elbow is a painful condition affecting the outer elbow, caused by inflammation of the tendons due to overuse of the wrist extensors.

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Study Notes

Upper Limb Anatomy and Function

  • The arm, wrist, and hand allow for upper body movement, force transfer, and precise upper limb manipulation.

Bones of the Upper Limb

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna

Joints of the Arm

  • Elbow joint
  • Radiohumeral joint
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Proximal radioulnar joint
  • Distal radioulnar joint

Elbow Joint Type

  • A true hinge joint

Radioulnar Joint Types

  • Pivot joints

Pronation and Supination

  • Occur at the radioulnar joints

Elbow Joint Ligaments

  • Annular ligament
  • Radial collateral ligament
  • Ulnar collateral ligament
  • Biceps tendon
  • Triceps tendon

Hand Bones

  • 28-30 bones in total

Phalanges

  • 3 phalanges per finger
  • 2 phalanges in the thumb

Metacarpals

  • 5 metacarpals

Carpals

  • 8 carpals

Carpal Bones

  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Hamate
  • Capitate
  • Trapezoid
  • Trapezium

Elbow Movements

  • Flexion
  • Extension

Forearm Movements

  • Supination (palm up)
  • Pronation (palm down)

Flexion Muscles (Anterior)

  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis
  • Brachioradialis

Extension Muscles (Posterior)

  • Triceps brachii
  • Anconeus

Pronation Muscles

  • Pronator quadratus
  • Pronator teres
  • Brachioradialis (transition from supination)

Supination Muscles

  • Supinator
  • Brachioradialis (transition from pronation)
  • Biceps brachii (transition from pronation)

Strongest Bicep Muscle

  • Bicep brachii

Brachioradialis and Supination

  • The brachioradialis's unique origin and insertion wrap around the arm, making it a primary supinator.

Tennis Elbow

  • Inflammation of the lateral epicondyle (condyle)
  • Often due to overuse of wrist extensor muscles.

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